2. Oceanic Carbon Cycle Upwelling brings nutrients (e.g. PO 4 ) to euphotic zone Photosynthesis (Dissolved Inorg  Particulate Organic Matter) Recycling and consumption Sinking of particulate matter Remineralization (POM  dissolved inorganic forms) S. Doney

3. Marine Productivity Upwelling brings from below the mixed layer: Nutrients and DIC  increase pCO 2 Cold water  decrease pCO 2 Chavez et al.

4. DIC = CO 2 + HCO 3 - + CO 3 = 1-2 % 90% CO 2 DIC, NO3 depth atm remineralization photosyn From the Atmosphere’s Perspective: 90 Pg C/yr

5. Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Growth, mortality, decay Population: {ages} Photosynthesis (climate, CO 2, soil H 2 O, resource limitation) Decay (T, soil H 2 O,..) 120 PgC/yr60 1200 PgC 800 PgC

6. Impact on Atmospheric CO 2 Photosynthesis Respiration JanDec From Atm To Atm CO 2 Flux Seasonal asynchrony between photosynthesis and decomposition  net fluxes of CO 2 to and from atm  seasonal cycle of CO 2 in atm Annual imbalance  carbon source/sink

7. NOAA Observatories South Pole American Samoa MaunaLoa Pt Barrow, AK

8. NOAA-CMDL ~ 100 sites at remote marine locations Long-term increase Seasonal cycle N-S gradient Atm CO 2 measurements

9. Atmospheric CO 2 Budget Atmospheric Increase Fossil Fuel Emissions Land and Ocean Sinks Land & ocean sinks ~ 50% of FF emission sensitive to climate perturbations

10. Total CO 2 Emission: 1997 USA China Russian Federation JapanIndia Germany UK Canada

11. Amazon-fishbone

12. PerCapita CO 2 Emission: 1997

13. Depletion of Atm Oxygen: Burning of Fossil Fuels  long term decrease Decomposition of Organic Carbon  seasonal cycle

14. Vostok – a station on Antarctica: Analysis of ice and gas bubbles trapped in ice yields past climate history of last 460,000 years Temperature Departure (K)

16. Annual GHG Emissions per Vehicle