1. 1 Development of Law Enforcement Around the United States Early “Modern” Law Enforcement

2. 2 The Context Northeast urban centers continued to grow – the transformation from town to city overwhelmed the urban areas Commitment to the principles of republicanism and representative government were omnipresent

3. 3 The Context (Con’t) Strong undercurrent of nativism and racism pervaded (esp. Northeastern Cities) In Boston, New York, Philadelphia the problems created by patronage and ethnic consolidation were growing and directly influencing decisions regarding the development and implementation of police departments

4. 4 What Does First Modern Day Police Department Mean? Particular bureaucratic organizations Particular function Several Different Strategies possible

5. 5 Modern Day Police Department (Con’t) None of the Northeast Departments actually replicate modern-day police departments Many of the government functions taken for granted in the 21 st century did not exist in 19 th century America – or were handled by disconnected levels of government Boston, New York, Philadelphia first cities to undergo centralization of municipal functions

6. 6 Law Enforcement Around the United States Municipal Policing in the Northeast –Boston, New York, Philadelphia Policing Race and Violence in the South Policing in the American West –Nature of Crime –Spanish & Hispanic Influences –Rocky Mountains, Great Plains & Northwest –Native American Police Forces