1. 1 32-bit parallel load register with clock gating ECE Department, 200 Broun Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA luolan1@auburn.edu Lan Luo ELEC 6270 Project December 2007

2. 2 Outline Concept of Power Dissipation & Clock Gating Concept of Power Dissipation & Clock Gating Schematics of Basic Cells Schematics of Basic Cells Simulation Results Simulation Results Conclusions Conclusions References References

3. 3 Concept of Power Dissipation Dynamic Dynamic Signal transitions (main source) Signal transitions (main source) Logic activity Logic activity Glitches Glitches Short-circuit Short-circuit Static Static Leakage Leakage

4. 4 Clock Gating Technique Clock signal is one of the main sources of chip power: Clock signal is one of the main sources of chip power: - high switching activity - heavy capacitive loading of the clock network - clock signals in digital computers consume about 15-45% of the system power Solution: Solution: - deactivate the clock signal when there are no transitions on the flip-flops’ input

5. 5 Clock Gating Circuit Latch free clock gating circuit Latch based clock gating circuit

6. 6 Design Platform Design Platform Latch based clock gating circuit used Latch based clock gating circuit used Technology: 0.5µm BiCMOS process Technology: 0.5µm BiCMOS process EDA Tool: Cadence Spectre (SPICE Simulator) EDA Tool: Cadence Spectre (SPICE Simulator) f CK = 50 MHz f CK = 50 MHz Power measurement Power measurement Current from power supply i DD (t) is simulated Current from power supply i DD (t) is simulated Average power P avg (t) is calculated using integral Average power P avg (t) is calculated using integral

7. 7 1-bit non-clock-gating load register A 2pF/bit load capacitance C L is added to mimic typical clock signal load.

8. 8 1-bit clock-gating load register

9. 9 Basic Cells - xor2

10. 10 Basic Cells - latch

11. 11 Basic Cells - Flip-flop

12. 12 Simulation Results Case by case comparisons. Case by case comparisons. Typical case Typical case - Input vectors with random transitions Best case Best case - Input vectors with no transitions Worst case Worst case - Input vectors with transitions in each clock period Comparisons with different C L for typical case. Comparisons with different C L for typical case. C L =0pF, 0.025pF, 0.125pF, 0.25pF, 0.5pF, 1pF, 1.5pF, 2pF, 2.5pF, 3 pF C L =0pF, 0.025pF, 0.125pF, 0.25pF, 0.5pF, 1pF, 1.5pF, 2pF, 2.5pF, 3 pF

13. 13 Typical Case (32-bit) non-clock-gating clock-gating Power reduction: 53.86% !

14. 14 Case by case comparisons Typical case (→ typical benefit) Typical case (→ typical benefit) 9.129mW→ 4.212mW, power reduction is 53.86% ! 9.129mW→ 4.212mW, power reduction is 53.86% ! Best case (→ best benefit) Best case (→ best benefit) 9.028mW→ 0.802mW, power reduction is 91.12% ! 9.028mW→ 0.802mW, power reduction is 91.12% ! Worst case (→ least benefit) Worst case (→ least benefit) 9.661mW→ 9.345mW, power reduction is 3.27% ! 9.661mW→ 9.345mW, power reduction is 3.27% !

15. 15 Power Comparison at different C L for typical case Overhead!

16. 16 Power Reduction at different C L for typical case ?

17. 17 Conclusions Clock gating technique reduces dynamic power drastically. Clock gating technique reduces dynamic power drastically. The amount of power reduction is input data switching activity dependent. The amount of power reduction is input data switching activity dependent. The larger capacitive loading of clock signal, the more power reduction. The larger capacitive loading of clock signal, the more power reduction.

18. 18 A. G. M. Strollo and D. De Caro, Low power flip-flop with clock gating on master and slave latches, ELECTRONICS LETTERS, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2000 A. G. M. Strollo and D. De Caro, Low power flip-flop with clock gating on master and slave latches, ELECTRONICS LETTERS, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2000 Wu, Q., Pedram, M. and Wu, X., Clock-gating and its application to low power design of sequential circuits, CICC, 1997 Wu, Q., Pedram, M. and Wu, X., Clock-gating and its application to low power design of sequential circuits, CICC, 1997 Frank Emnett and Mark Biegel, Power Reduction Through RTL Clock Gating, SNUG2000 Frank Emnett and Mark Biegel, Power Reduction Through RTL Clock Gating, SNUG2000 Thanks ! Reference