1. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations Sixth Edition Chapter 9: An Introduction to Taxonomy: The Bacteria Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jacquelyn G. Black

2. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

3. Taxonomy The science of classification Provides an orderly basis for the naming of organisms Places organisms into a category or taxon (plural: taxa) Carolus Linnaeus: 18 th century Swedish botanist; the Father of Taxonomy

4. Binomial Nomenclature The system used to name all living things The first name designates the genus (plural: genera) and its first letter is capitalized The second name is the specific epithet, and it is not capitalized Together the genus and specific epithet identify the species

5. The Meaning of the Names of Some Microorganisms Escherichia coli: Named after Theodore Escherich in 1888; found in the colon Entamoeba histolytica: Ent, intestinal; amoebae, shape/movement; histo, tissue; lytic, lysing or digesting tissue Strain: A subgroup of a species with one or more characteristics that distinguish it from other members of the same species

6. Classification of Human Dog Wolf and a Bacterium

7. Using a Taxonomic Key Dichotomous Key: A commonly used key to identify organisms. Has paired statements describing characteristics of organisms. Figure 9.4

8. Dichotomous Key for Classifying U.S. Coins

9. Dichotomous Key for Classifying Major Bacterial Groups

10. The Five Kingdom Classification

11. Some Typical Monerans

12. Archaeobacteria— Extremophiles able to exploit the unusual habitat of a “black smoker” vent

13. Some Typical Protists

14. Some Typical Fungi

15. Kingdom Animalia

16. Proposed Major Evolutionary Lines of Descent

17. Theory About Three Domains

18. The Three Domains A new category even higher than kingdom Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

19. The Three Domain System of Classification

20. The Shrub of Life

21. Lateral Gene Transfer

22. Bacteria vs. Archaea Both have cell walls, however, archaea lack peptidoglycan Bacteria have fatty acids present in their membranes; archaea have isoprenes Bacteria lack histones ; archaea have histone-like proteins associated with the chromosome

23. Criteria for Classifying Bacteria Table 9.4 Biochemical Tests for ID of Bacteria: Table 9.5 Sugar fermentation Starch hydrolysis IMViC

24. Categories of Viruses

25. Stromatolite Mats

26. Fossil Stromatolite Cross Section

27. Filamentous Cyanobacteria-- Paleolyngbya

28. Probable Evolutionary Tree Arrived at by Numerical Taxonomy

29. DNA Sequencer

30. DNA Hybridization

31. Separation of Proteins

37. Phage Typing

38. David H. Bergey (1860-1937)

39. The Life Cycle of a Chlamydia Small, dark elementary bodies (EB) attach to a host cell and enter by phagocytosis The EB, enclosed within a membrane-enclosed vacuole, lose their thick walls and enlarge to form reticulate bodies (RB) RB replicate and fill the cell RB condense to form infectious EB and are released by lysis of the host cell

40. Chlamydia Life Cycle