1. Chapter 11: Water and Environment Big Question: Can We Maintain our Water Resources for Future Generations?

2. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Water

3. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington A Brief Global Perspective Growing global water shortage is linked to our food supply. The main process in cycle is global transfer of water.

4. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington LocationSurface Area (km 2 )Water Volume (km 3 )Percentage of Total Water Estimated Average Residence Time of Water Oceans361,000,0001,230,000,00097.2Thousands of years Atmosphere510,000,00012,7000.0019 days Rivers and streams--1,2000.00012 weeks Groundwater (shallow to depth of 0.8 km) 130,000,0004,000,0000.31Hundreds to many thousands of years Lakes (fresh water)855,000123,0000.01Tens of years Ice caps and glaciers28,200,00028,600,0002.15Tens of thousands of years and longer Source: U.S. Geological Survey The World's Water Supply (Selected Examples)

5. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Water Sources

6. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Surface Water and Groundwater Surface water and groundwater are parts of the same resource.

7. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Desalination Turning sea water into freshwater is getting less expensive, but still more than traditional water supplies in U.S. Desalinated water has a place value: the price rises depending on how far water must move from plant. Environmental impact of discharge

8. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Water Supply ContinentalPrecipitationEvaporationRunoff mm/yearKm 3 mm/yearKm 3 Km 3 /year North America75618,30041810,0008,180 South America1,60028,40091016,20012,200 Europe7908,2905075,3202,970 Asia74032,20041618,10014,100 Africa74022,30058717,7004,600 Australia and Oceania7917,0805114,5702,510 Antarctica1652,31000 Earth (entire land area)800119,00048572,00047,000

9. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Overdraft Problem of overdraft - taking more groundwater than is naturally replaced

10. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Transport of Water Moving water to where it is needed is not a new idea. New York City has imported water for over 100 years. Today a lot of water comes from upstate forests Catskills water was filtered effectively by natural processes.

11. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington New York City's Water Supply This natural service became overwhelmed by local development and pollution. New York City decided on sewage treatment rather than water treatment in the Catskills. Good water quality maintained by offering financial incentives to area’s farmers and homeowners Transporting water has its limits.

12. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Some Trends in Water Use

13. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Water Conservation Agricultural Use

14. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Domestic Use Source: Stilles_Mineralwasser.jpg‎

15. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Wetlands Common feature: wet for part of year and have particular type of vegetation and soil. Wetlands include salt marshes, swamps, bogs, prairie potholes, and vernal pools.

16. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Threats to Wetlands Freshwater wetlands are threatened. Over 50% of the wetlands in the US have disappeared. Salt marshes have also suffered (for example, the San Francisco Bay estuary). Redirecting the Mississippi is leading to loss of coastal wetlands.

17. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Preserving and Restoring Wetlands Offer incentives to wetlands owners Related management issue is restoration of wetlands Construct wetlands to clean up agricultural runoff Creation of wetlands in Florida to help restore Everglades

18. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Dams and the Environment Dam effects include loss of land, cultural resources, and biological resources; storage of sediment behind the dam; fragmentation of river ecosystems; and downstream changes in hydrology and in sediment transport.

19. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Global Water Shortage Linked to Food Supply Isolated water shortages are indicators of a larger global pattern Surface and groundwater are being stressed and depleted: groundwater is being used faster than it is renewed; large water bodies are drying up (for example, the Aral Sea); and large rivers are running dry before reaching the ocean.

20. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Water Pollution Copy of 1958 poster advertising Metro bond campaign to clean up Lake Washington.

21. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Water Reuse In Las Vegas, new resort hotels that use a great deal of water for fountains, rivers, canals, and lakes are required to treat wastewater and reuse it.

22. Lesson 11 / ESRM 100 / University of Washington Water Pollution and Environmental Law

23. Chapter 11: Water and Environment Questions? E-mail your TA. eschelp@u.washington.edu