1. RELATING FORAGE COMPONENTS TO FORAGE QUALITY Shelby Filley, Douglas County David Bohnert, EOARC, Harney County Oregon State University Extension Service, Department of Animal Sciences

3. Quality Forage - What is it ? §“contains a high level of digestible energy and is consumed in large amounts per unit time” l Kim Cassel, former University of Maryland dairy nutritionist

4. Quality Forage - What is it ? §“must be high in intake, digestibility, and efficiency of utilization” l Dale Waldo, USDA nutritionist

5. Importance of Forage Quality §Accurate Prediction of Livestock production §Forage Marketing

6. The Nutrition Puzzle PROTEIN FAT ASH OR MINERALS SUGARS & STARCHES WATER FIBER D R Y M A T T E R MAINTENANCE GROWTH PREGNANCY & REPRODUCTION PRODUCTION COMPONENETS OF FEED ANIMAL REQUIREMENTS

7. Plant Cell PROTEIN SUGARS STARCH PECTINS FATS PRIMARY WALL SECONDARY WALL CELL CONTENTS CROSS SECTION

8. Inside SECONDARY WALL PRIMARY WALL CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSE LIGNINACID DETERGENT FIBER (ADF) NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER (NDF) OUTSIDE

9. Forage ADF and Dry Matter Digestibility Adapted from Miller et al. (1991)

10. Derived Terms §DDM - digestible DM l 88.9 - (.779 X ADF%) §TDN - total digestible nutrients l 88.9 - (.79 X ADF%)

11. Derived Terms, cont’d §NEm - net energy for maintenance; Mcal/lb l (TDN% X.01318) -.132 §NEg - net energy for growth; Mcal/lb l (TDN% X.01318) -.459 §NEl - net energy for lactation; Mcal/lb l (TDN% X.01114) -.054

12. Inside SECONDARY WALL PRIMARY WALL CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSE LIGNINACID DETERGENT FIBER (ADF) NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER (NDF) OUTSIDE

13. Forage NDF and Dry Matter Intake Adapted from Mertens (1985) & Burns et al. (1997)

14. §DMI - dry matter intake l 120 / NDF% §RFV - relative feed value l (DDM X DMI) / 1.29 §CP - crude protein l N% X 6.25 Derived Terms, cont’d

15. Forage Quality and Animal Performance Chemical Composition (CP, NDF, ADF, Vit., & Minerals) Digestibility Palatability Rate of Passage Availability Forage Nutritive Value Forage Consumed Animal Performance

16. Proper sampling

17. Analysis Results

22. TYPICAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRASSES

24. TYPICAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ALFALFA

25. Forage Marketing §Moore (1978) suggested producers will invest in high quality forage if: l Forage is a large part of the diet l Animal productivity increases as forage quality increases l Increased animal productivity is profitable

26. Forage Monetary Value The monetary value of a forage must reflect its intended use in a feeding program !

27. Influence of Alfalfa Quality on Milk Production Adapted from Turnbull et al. (1982)

28. Influence of Alfalfa Quality on ADG of Beef Steers Adapted from Miller et al. (1991)

29. WHY DO I NEED THIS INFORMATION ??

30. FORAGE COMPONENETS & QUALITY ANIMAL REQUIREMENTS THE NUTRITION PUZZLE

31. Thank-you

32. Forage Quality Determinants Total Nitrogen ADF NDF Measured Crude Protein TDN Digestible DM Dry matter intake Derived

33. Other Terms §NET ENERGY(MCAL/LB) NE lactation NE maintenance NE growth §DIGESTIBLE ENERGY (DE) (MCAL/LB) §TDN (%) for HORSES

34. Measured Terms §DM - dry matter §Total N - nitrogen content §DIN - rumen degradable intake nitrogen §UIN - rumen undegradable intake nitrogen

35. Measured Terms §NDF - neutral detergent fiber §ADF - acid detergent fiber §ADFN - acid detergent fiber N

36. Derived Terms §CP - crude protein l N% X 6.25 §DIP - degradable intake protein l DIN% X 6.25 §UIP - undegradable intake protein l UIN% X 6.25 §ADFCP - ADF CP l ADFN% X 6.25

37. Derived Terms §ACP - available CP l (CP% X [100 - {ADFCP% -12%}]) / 100 §DCP - digestible CP l CP% X.72 §DDM - digestible DM l 88.9 - (.779 X ADF%) §TDN - total digestible nutrients l 88.9 - (.79 X ADF%)

38. GRASS/CLOVER HAY AND HALAGE % OF SAMPLES 64 28 8 -

39. ALFALFA BASED FORAGES