2. 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 2100 Depth (m) Time (s) Raw Seismograms 0 2100 Four-Layer Sand Channel Model 0 0 0.8 Midpoint (m)

3. Interferometric Seismic Imaging Gerard T. Schuster

4. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Transmission PS Migration Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

5. Claerbout, Katz, 70’s xx Earthquake 1900’s xx Utah+LLNL 1997 Migrate Claerbout, Rickett 1999 xyxyxyxy xyxyxyxyMigrate Arbitrary Unknown Src V(z) V(x,y,z) W(t) Location W(t) Location NOYESYESYES NO YESYESYES YES/NO YESNO? NOYESYES YESNO YES YES YES SELECTIVE HISTORY PASSIVE IMAGING Validity

6. Interference Pattern Optical Lens LASER t

7. Interference Pattern Optical Lens ss t LASER Lens Deformation Time Differences

8. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

9. Seismic Ghost Reflection Direct Ghost ? Find R(x,z) but not know source location

10. Direct Ghost 12Directx Directx Master Seismic Ghost Reflection Seismic Interferogram: Correlate Traces t }M m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Ghost Direct has kinematics of primary reflection x M

11. 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 0 0.8 0 2100 Depth (m) Time (s) Raw Seismograms 0 2100 Four-Layer Sand Channel Model 0 0 0.8 Midpoint (m)

12. 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 0 0.8 0 2100 Depth (m) Time (s) 0 2100 Raw Seismograms Migration Image: 1-s Stack Midpoint (m)

13. 0 2100 Midpoint (m) 2100 0 Depth (m) 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) Migration Image: 50 1-s Stacks

14. Geological Model 0 Depth (m) 3 40 X (m) V1 V2 V4 V3 V5 V6

15. Velocity Model (J. Yu) 0 4 0 3 Depth(km) X(km) 0 4 0 3 X(km) 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 Interval VelocityRMS Velocity

16. Shot Gather 1 200 0 4 Time (s) CSG 10 1 200 0 4 Time (s) Traces Autocorrelogram

17. X (km) 2.8 0 1.62.1 Without ghost Ghost Autocorrelogram Depth Migration Depth (km) 2.8 0 1.62.1 X (km) With primary+ghost

18. Acquisition Survey 0 04.5 -5 East (kft) North (kft) Well Rig 3C Receivers Drill bit 10 Depth (kft) 0

19. 1 Trace # 10 0 7 Time (s) 5-40 Hz 1 Trace # 10 Raw CGR 96 Proc. CGR 96

20. Acquisition Survey Map Well Rig 3C Receivers Drill bit 0 0 150030004500 -5000 East (ft) North (ft) C Line AC4

21. 3.0 2.0 1.0 Time (s) SP1255 1235 1215 Ghost Autocorrelogram Image( Corr. window=8 s) Drill hole

22. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

23. Primary Ghost 12 Free-Surface Multiple

24. Primary Ghost 12 x PrimaryxPrimary Seismic Interferogram: Correlate Traces Caution: Ghostx Primary = R 3 t } m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Ghost Primary has kinematics of primary ref. x

25. Nine-Layered Model (J. Sheng) 00.6 1.2 1.8 3.0 Depth (km) 2.4 Model Crosscorrelogram image Distance (km) 0 3.0 Distance (km) 0 3.0 artifacts Kirchhoff Image

26. Nine-Layered Model Kirchhoff Image Product Image =Kirch*correl.00.6 1.2 1.8 3.0 Depth (km) 2.4 Distance (km) 0 3.0 Distance (km) 0 3.0 artifacts

27. SEG/EAGE Salt Model 0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 Depth (km) 3.0 3.6 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Distance (km)

28. Crosscorrelogram Image Crosscorrelogram Image0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 Depth (km) 3.0 3.6 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Distance (km)

29. Kirchhoff Image 0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 Depth (km) 3.0 3.6 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Distance (km)

30. Product Image 0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 Depth (km) 3.0 3.6 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Distance (km)

31. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

32. Hydro-Fracturing=Unknown Source ? P P P P x12?

33. P S P P MasterP*P P*P x12 Hydro-Fracturing=Unknown Source t } m(x) = (g, t - t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Difference between Paths

34. -1.5 0 2100 2100 m 70 Ringy 30 Hz Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) 1.0 0 2100 m 0 1.0 1.0 Kirchhoff Migration Image Correlogram Migration Image Midpoint (m)

35. 1.5 -1.5 Migration Image: 1-s Stack 6.0 -6.0 Migration Image: 40-s Stack 0 2100 2100 m 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) 1.0 0 2100 m 0 Migration Image: 40-s Stack Migration Image: 1-s Stack

36. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Transmission PS Migration Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

37. Seismic P and PS Transmission S P P S ? Find R(x,z)

38. S P P S MasterS*S P*S Seismic P and PS Transmission P and PS Transmission Interferograms P and PS Transmission Interferograms x12 t } m(x) = (g, t - t ) gx g MxMxMxMx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Difference between Paths

39. Crosswell Model (D. Sheley) Depth (m) Offset (m) 1140 114 0 V p /V s = 1.5 Well Separation = 100 m = 100 m Source = 1500 Hz ds = 2 m dg = 2 m 5000 m/s 5500 m/s

40. Synthetic Data Depth (m) 0 114 2035 Time (ms) Original Data Depth (m) 0 114 82 Time (ms) Shifted Muted Data SPPS PPS S SP

41. Conventional PS Transmission Migration Depth (m) Offset (m) 0 114 0 100 True Velocity + 10 % Velocity Offset (m) 0100

42. Depth (m) Offset (m) 0 114 0 100 True Velocity Reduced-Time PS Migration + 10 % Velocity Offset (m) 0100

43. Depth (m) Offset (m) 0 114 0 100 Conventional PS Comparison +10% Velocity Interferometric PS Offset (m) 0100

44. km/sec 6.0 5.0 7.0 Kidd Creek Crosswell Well 0 20 40 60 50 0 Receiver Well Source Depth (m) Offset (m)

45. Time Delay = 3 ms ?Time Delay = 3 ms ? Well LocationWell Location Velocity ModelVelocity Model Data Problems

46. 6 Time (ms) 0 20 40 60 Depth (m) 0 Time Shifted CRG

47. Conventional PS 0 20 60 50 0 Offset (m) Depth (m)

48. Conventional PS 0 20 60 50 0 Offset (m) 50 0Reduced-Time Depth (m)

49. 2 3. Limitations: 3. Limitations: Virtual Multiples Reflectivity Imaging > Source Imaging N Traces N Correlograms Coherent Noise Summary m(x) = (g, t + t ) g gx MxMxMxMx M 1. New Passive Seismic Imaging Capability: Valid for V(x,y,z) Arbitrary Sources Src & R Images Poststack & Prestack 2. Possible Applications: Horizontal Drill Bit Imaging, CDP Mult. Reservoir Monitoring, Mars/Sun Seismology Earthquake Rec.-Function/Ghost Imaging

50. 1. Reduce Coherent Noise and Virtual Multiples Current & Future Work 2. Earthquake Rec. Funct. & Ghost Imaging 3. Reservoir Monitoring with CDP Data 4. Passive Data Experiment

51. Reduced-Time Migration Shift Traces by R1 Traveltime R1 Traveltime R1 R2 Mitigate Src-Rec Statics m(x)= d(x, t + t - t ) sxgxred.

52. Acknowledgements Thanks for support of UTAM sponsors. Thank J. Rickett and J. Claerbout for fruitful discussions. fruitful discussions.

53. Interference Pattern Phase Difference Phase of Rays with Common Path Cancels We only “see” Phase Difference

54. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging Summary Summary

55. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging

56. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging

57. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results

58. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging

59. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples IVSPWD ? ? ? ? F.S. CDP Multiple Migration F.S. CDP Multiple Migration

60. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? ? ? ? ? Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR

61. ? Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? PS Transmission Migration Migration PS ? ? ? ? ? PS Transmission Migration PS Transmission Migration

62. ? Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection ImagingIVSPWD ? ?

63. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? ? ? ? ? Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR

64. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples IVSPWD ? ? ? ? ? Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR

65. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? ? ? ? ? PS Transmission Migration PS Transmission Migration

66. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? PS Transmission Migration MigrationPS ? ? ? ? ? ? PS Transmission Migration PS Transmission Migration

67. Crosscorrelogram R*G Migration 1. Construct M pseudo-shot gathers (g, t ) M m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M 2. Migrate psuedo-shot gathers by sum M, g M shifted time shifted time R G R*R R*G

68. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase DifferencesIVSPWD ? ? ? F.S. CDP Multiple Migration F.S. CDP Multiple Migration

69. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging F.S. CDP Multiples IVSPWD ? ? ? ? ? F.S. CDP Multiple Migration F.S. CDP Multiple Migration

70. Direct Ghost Specular Ray Ray Master DG

71. Ghost Direct D*D D*G

72. 0 2100 Midpoint (m) 2100 0 Depth (m) 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) 4-Layer Model

73. 0 2100 Midpoint (m) 2100 0 Depth (m) 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) R G 4-Layer Model

74. 0 2100 Midpoint (m) 2100 0 Depth (m) 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) Correlogram Migration Image Others Imaged Incorrectly Ghosts Imaged Correctly

75. Crosscorrelogram R*G Migration 1. Construct N pseudo-shot gathers (g, t ) N m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g NxNxNxNxgx N 2. Migrate psuedo-shot gathers by sum N, g N shifted time shifted time MP

76. Crosscorrelogram R*G Migration 1. Construct N pseudo-shot gathers (g, t ) N m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g NxNxNxNxgx N 2. Migrate psuedo-shot gathers by sum N, g N shifted time shifted time MP