1. Announcements
- Field trip in lab this week.
- Field trip this Saturday- 7:30 AM.
- Field books for sale! ($$ to SESS club)
Bound book = $15
Spiral book = $5.50
- Thurs. 4 PM Haury Building, Rm 216, Charles Prewitt, "Deep Earth Mineralogy: Searching for Answers"
- SESS presentation Fri. 1 pm Rm 209:
"Iceland- Land of Fire and Ice" by Peter Kresan

2. (2) Visualizing and mapping structures
Today's Lecture
(1) Fold mechanisms
(2) Visualizing and mapping structures

3. Fold mechanisms for "free folds", where fold shapes depend on layer properties
(1) Flexural-slip folding- accommodates buckling by layer-parallel slip
-direction of relative slip is perpendicular to hinge
-individual displacement small, but sum is enough to accommodate bending of rock
-marked by strong stiff layers with contacts of low cohesive strength
-occurs in uppermost levels of crust

4. minor structures related to flexural-slip folding

5. minor structures related to flexural-flow folding
occurs at higher temperature

6. What is it?

7. (2) Kink folding -Occurs when there is strong cohesion between layers
-Marked by sharp hinge, straight limbs (one short, two long)

8. Another mechanism: (3) Buckling
-Instability develops when layers of different mechanical properties are subjected to layer-parallel stresses
-Wavelength depends on layer thickness and stiffness- thinner layers yield shorter wavelengths

9. Visualizing & Mapping Structures
Goals
(1) To practice visualizing in 3-D:
Key to geologic mapping and structural analysis
- Topography + Geology
(2) To practice interpreting topographic and geologic maps
(3) Learn how to approach mapping

10. contours: lines of equal elevation
Topographic maps
contours: lines of equal elevation
hill on left

12. Introduction to geologic maps
Geologic maps show traces of contacts between different rock units, commonly superimposed on topography First step: Every time you see a contact, ask yourself the following questions: (1) Is it a depositional contact? (2) Is it an intrusive contact? (3) Is it a fault contact? So far, we have talked quite a bit about faults, but not the other types of contacts. To fill you in...

13. angular
Types of unconformities (surfaces characterized by no deposition, and commonly erosion, over an interval of geologic time)

15. Types of intrusive contacts

16. Introduction to geologic maps, cont.
First step: Every time you see a contact, ask yourself whether it is depositional, intrusive, or a fault
Second step: Study how the trace of the contact interacts with topography- It will tell you about orientation!

17. intersection of planes and topography
20 towards
horizontal
45 away
vertical

18. "The Rule of V's"
The rule states that the "V" of the trace of a plane in a valley points in the direction in which the plane dips. Don't spend time memorizing this, just spend time visualizing topography- it will become obvious!

19. What is it?

20. plunging folds and map patterns, cont.

22. Plunging folds

23. "simple" structures + topography can result in complex map patterns
dipping planes
overturned anticline-syncline pair

25. Which way does the fault dip?
Permian limestone
ophiolitic melange

26. Is the fault steeply, moderately, or shallow dipping?

27. How well you can "read" topographic and geologic maps hinges on how well you can visualize in 3D... It takes practice, practice, practice at

28. Next: Techniques for projecting and plotting structural data
Read D&R, p

29. Important terminology/concepts
Contours- definition of
Three main types of contacts
Disconformity
Nonconformity
Angular unconformity
Buttress unconformity
Rule of V's
Map patterns of plunging folds
Determining surface orientations from maps
Contact traces

30. Remember
The 3 spaces you deal with: topography, primary structures and deformational (secondary) structures
Rule of v’s, intersections between topography and geologic surfaces
A structure looks very different depending from where you look at it!