1. Introduction Declarative Data Procedural Data -when both declarative & procedural data are stored, the database is sometimes called a knowledge base

2. Data Subsystem 1) data about designs(e.g., manufacturing designs) 2) images, graphics, audio, & video –object-oriented – data warehouses – data mining

3. Access Controls Discretionary access control Mandatory access control

4. Discretionary Access Controls Create a schema; Create, modify, or delete views associated with the schema; Create, modify, or delete relations associated with the schema; Create, modify, or delete tuples in relations associated with the schema; & retrieve data from tuples in relations associated with the schema.

5. Discretionary Access controls cont. 1. Name-dependent restrictions 2. Content-dependent restrictions 3. Context- dependent restrictions 4. History-dependent restrictions

6. 1) Name-dependent restrictions

7. 2) Content-dependent restrictions

8. 3) Context-dependent restrictions

9. A view grants privileges to another user who in turn grants these privileges to another user, the privileges are said to Propagate Horizontal Propagation Control Vertical propagation Control

11. Mandatory Access Controls Resources are assigned a classification level & users are assigned a clearance level. –Filtering –polyinstantiation

12. Integrity Controls Integrity constraints: to maintain the accuracy, completeness, & uniqueness of instances of the constructs used within the conceptual modelling or data modelling approach used to represent the real-world phenomena

13. ER Model Integrity Constrains