1. Immigrants and Workers

10. Industrialization

13. 1890 No place with less than 2 people per square mile

14. 1920 More people lived in cities than countryside

17.  Steel mills  Rail yards  Textile mills  Clothing factories  Mines  Farms

18. Diversity

19.  Religious  Cultural  National

20. Diversity  Marriage  Child care  Women and child labor

21. Diversity  Mobile

22. Diversity  Mobile  Earnings and employment unstable

23. Diversity  Mobile  Earnings and employment unstable Recessions Depressions

24. Diversity  Mobile  Earnings and employment unstable Consumer demand Overproduction

25. Diversity  Mobile  Earnings and employment unstable Inclement weather Technological displacement

28. 1849 Irish Potato Famine

29. Coffin Ships

31. 1830s

34. 1800 5,000 per year

35. 1830s 600,000 per year

36. 1840s 1.5 million per year

37. 1850s 2.8 million per year

38. 1877-1890 6 million

39. 1890-1914 18 million

40. Prior to 1890s Western and Northern Europe

41. After 1890s Southern and Eastern Europe

46.  Employment  Language  Culture  Housing  Family values

47. Family Strategies

48.  Subordination of individuals for sake of collective family

49. Family Strategies  Subordination of individuals for sake of collective family  Key decisions based on good of family, not individuals

50. Family Strategies  Subordination of individuals for sake of collective family  Key decisions based on good of family, not individuals  One daughter remained unmarried

51. “Family Economy”

52. Decision making product of collective needs rather than individual preferences

53. 1882 Family living costs one third higher than earnings of head of household

54. 1900 Richest 2% owned 1/3 wealth

55. 1900 Richest 10% owned 3/4 wealth

69. Child labor

75. Andrew Carnegie

83. Horace Greeley

84. $10.37 – family of five

85.  Shoemaker = $4

86. $10.37 – family of five  Shoemaker = $4  Cabinet maker = $5

87. $10.37 – family of five  Shoemaker = $4  Cabinet maker = $5  Textile worker = $6.50 m $3.50 f

88. $10.37 – family of five  Shoemaker = $4  Cabinet maker = $5  Textile worker = $6.50 m $3.50 f

89. $10.37 – family of five  Shoemaker = $4  Cabinet maker = $5  Textile worker = $6.50 m $3.50 f Unskilled = $1

90. 1.Children too young to work

91. 2.Later in life

92. Ethnic Diversity

93.  Higher birthrates

94. Ethnic Diversity  Higher birthrates  Boarders

95. Ethnic Diversity  Higher birthrates  Boarders  More child labor

96. Ethnic Diversity  Higher birthrates  Boarders  More child labor  Different fam. patterns

100. Factory Work

105. Rural Families

106. Before 1880 70% all Americans lived in towns and villages of less than 2,500 people

110. $754 per year 60% = $450 per year

111. $754 per year 60% = $450 per year scrip

118. 10% white 20% black

122. 1924 Emergency Quota Act Immigration Act