1. GEWEX MOTIVATIONS FOR LANDFLUX ACTIVITY William B. Rossow Distinguished Professor CREST at The City College of New York May 2007

2. (Chronological Order) 1) Cloud—Climate Feedback Problem Led to ISCCP, SRB and GPCP 2) Important (leading) Sources of Uncertainty for SRB are Land Surface (Sea Ice) Properties = Temperature, Emissivity, Spectral Albedo 3) Completion of Global (Atmospheric) E&W Cycle Requires Land (Ice) Surface Turbulent Fluxes 4) Connection of Climate Change to Human Interests Requires Land Hydrology Predictions = Water Storage (Lakes, Soil Moisture, Snow/Ice, Acquifer) and Runoff (Discharge, Floods)

3. GLOBAL ENERGY BUDGET (Wm -2 ) TOP:DWN-SWUP-SWUP-LWNET +342-106-233+3 ATM:NET SWNET LW NET +71-182-111 SRF:DWN-SWUP-SWDWN-LWUP-LW +189-24+345-396 SRF:NET-SWNET-LWNET +165-51+114 SRF:EVAP (=GPCP PRECIP)SENSIBLENET -85-17-102 SRF:EVAP (GSSTF2)SENSIBLENET -100-12-112 SOME EVIDENCE THAT NET-SW IS SMALLER BY 5 SOME EVIDENCE THAT PRECIP IS LARGER BY 10

6. Deseasonalized TOA Flux Anomalies TOA Upward Flux Deseasonalized Anomaly Relative to ’85 –’88 (W m -2 ) Reflected SW OLR

7. NORTHWARD ENERGY TRANSPORT REQUIRED TO BALANCE NET RADIATION AT EACH LATITUDE Zhang

9. Total Net Surface Flux Into Ocean Zhang

11. Shortwave Downward Flux Validation Stackhouse

14. Longwave Downward Flux Validation

17. WHAT’S MISSING? THE LAND PROPERTIES AND FLUXES WATER STORAGE & RUNOFF

18. The NASA TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA or 3B42 [TRMM product number]) [Adler/Huffman] Almost 9 years (‘98-06’)of 3-hr analysis available--produced at TSDIS. 3-hr window with passive microwave (gaps filled with Geo- IR) calibrated by TRMM Research product uses PR information and monthly gauges

19. Partitioning the Precipitation

20. Model Estimates of Evaporation Over the GEWEX CSEs, Land, Ocean, Globe Annual mean latent heat flux (W/m 2 ) from R1, R2, ERA40, JRA, Noah, CLM, Mosaic and ensemble means for GHP CSE regions as well as for the Global Land (-60 to + 60), Ocean (-90 to 90), and the entire Globe. The areas are ordered from left to right by their annual mean surface air temperatures in the R1. Note the dry MDB and AMMA areas bracketing the wetter tropical areas. Roads

21. Papa

22. Prigent

23. (%) Case study: the large Siberian watersheds Lena Yenissey Ob Papa

24. Teodosio Lacava – IMAA-CNR Projection: EASE Grid Global; Datum: WGS-84 050104020 30 Mean Soil Moisture (% volume): April 2003-2005 A From Kerr

25. Output Evaluation: Global Observations Terrestrial water storage from GRACE (top) and 2m column soil moisture plus snow water equivalent from Noah (bottom), April/May (left) and September (right), 2003 (1000 km smoothing) From Bosilovich GRACE

26. Case study: The Rio Negro River (Amazon River basin) A combination with water level variations from altimetry (Topex-Poseidon) Identification of floodplains using multi-satellite technique Construction of water level time series Estimation of water level maps Computation of water level variation maps Computation of surface water volume variations GRACE Integrated discharge (Jatuarana-Manacapuru) Comparison with Grace and reconstructed in-situ water volume estimates Grace (2003-2006) (ground water +soil moisture +surface water) Multi-satellite and altimeter (1993-2000) (surface water) Papa

28. Potential and Status DEM and Runoff models Y Y Albedo (spectral) Y R Skin Temperature (diurnal) Y R Vegetation Properties P R Surface Meteorology Y Y-N Precipitation Y Y Snow Water Amount Y Y-N Flooding (standing water) Y R Water Levels (& discharge) P R Soil Moisture P R Water Storage Y R

29. BACKUP SLIDES

30. Energy Cycle of Atmosphere Baroclinic Cycle Gz Ge Dz De

32. ZHANG AND ROSSOW 1997

35. Case study: the large Siberian watersheds 1. Evaluation with in-situ snowmelt date and snow depth over the southern Ob river 2. Evaluation with in-situ run-off and discharge at the Ob estuary

36. VARIATION OF CLIMATE FORCINGS + NASA Privacy Policy and Important Notices+ NASA Privacy Policy and Important Notices GISS Website Curator: Robert B. SchmunkRobert B. Schmunk Responsible NASA Official: James E. HansenJames E. Hansen Page updated: 2007-02-27

37. GLOBAL PRECIPITATION

38. EXTENDING THE RECORD

39. Annual Average Global Surface Fluxes (21-Year Average; Jan 1984 - Dec 2004) SW Downward Fluxes (SRB SW v2.7,W m -2 ) LW Surface Fluxes (SRB LW v2.5, W m -2 ) SRB: Stackhouse

40. Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Robert Adler (GPCP Coordinator) NASA/GSFC Laboratory for Atmospheres-USA http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/wmo/wdcamet-ncdc.html http://precip.gsfc.nasa.gov GPCP: Adler

41. Climate’s Energy Cycle

43. Annual Mean Generation of APE Sign of G E Confirms Lorenz estimate and Contradicts Peixoto & Oort GZGZ GEGE Romanski

44. First Determination of Gz and Ge from Observations Cooling of Winter Poles Winter Storms Summer Monsoons GZGZ GEGE Latent Heating Romanski

45. Anomaly in Upper Ocean Heat Content from Ocean Measurements and Surface Fluxes Zhang

46. NORTHWARD ENERGY TRANSPORT BY ATMOSPHERE Zhang

47. NORTHWARD ENERGY TRANSPORT BY OCEANS Zhang