2. 1 - 1 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry CH110 Foundations of GENERAL, ORGANIC, & BIOCHEMISTRY CHEMEKETA COMMUNITY COLLEGE INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Jan Cammackhttp://newterra.chemeketa.edu/faculty/camj

3. 1 - 2 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry 1 st Day Stuff Who are you? Are you in the right place? GOB CTV Introduction Privacy waver Chemeketa Pipeline Course Web Page Course Syllabus & requirements Who am I? Web CT Quizzes

4. 1 - 3 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Major divisions of Chemistry  General  Inorganic  Analytical  Physical  Organic  Biochemistry Elements besides Carbon Methods of analysis Theory and concepts Carbon based compounds Chemistry of living things

5. 1 - 4 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry CH110 Recitation & Lab: Week 1 prelab Experiment 1 1.Complete the prelab assignment for Lab Experiment 1: Burners & Flames 2.Homework problems will be due each week at recitation –Chpts 1(&2) problems due Thur

6. 1 - 5 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Chapter 1: Measurement Units of Measurement Significant Figures Conversion Calculations Density

7. 1 - 6 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Units are important Measurements in chemistry has little meaning, just a number has some meaning - money more meaning - person’s salary

8. 1 - 7 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry See Handout Sheet of Common Conversion Factors Measurements in chemistry

9. 1 - 8 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Measurements in chemistry English units. English units. Still commonly used in daily life. Not often used in scientific work For Example: Common English measures of volume 1 tablespoon=3 teaspoons 1 cup= 16 tablespoons 1 pint=2 cups 1 quart=2 pints 1 gallon=4 quarts 1 peck=2 gallons 1 bushel= 4 pecks

10. 1 - 9 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry MetricSICommonConversions Length Volume Mass Units of Measurement meter (m) 1 m = 1.09 yd liter (L) 1 L = 1.06 qt gram (g) 1 kg = 2.2 lb

11. 1 - 10 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Mass Matter has Mass and takes up space. Matter stuff =The stuff things are made of. (Air, water, rocks, etc..) amount =The amount of stuff (in g’s) ( Bowling Ball > Balloon) Weight Weight on earth. =Pull of Gravity on matter.

12. 1 - 11 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Mass Vs. Weight How much would you weigh on another planet? http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/

13. 1 - 12 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry MetricSICommonConversions Length Volume Mass Temperature Units of Measurement meter (m) 1 m = 1.09 yd liter (L) 1 L = 1.06 qt gram (g) 1 kg = 2.2 lb Celsius ( o C) C = (F-32)/1.8 Kelvin (K) K = C + 273

14. 1 - 13 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry MetricSICommonConversions Length Volume Mass Temperature Energy Units of Measurement meter (m) 1 m = 1.09 yd liter (L) 1 L = 1.06 qt gram (g) 1 kg = 2.2 lb Celsius ( o C) C = (F-32)/1.8 Kelvin (K) K = C + 273 calorie (cal) 1Kcal = 1000 cal = 1Cal Joule (J) 1 cal = 4.18 J

15. 1 - 14 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Scientific notation If a number is larger than 1 X left Move decimal point X places left to get a number between 1 and 10. 1 2 3, 0 0 0, 0 0 0. XThe resulting number is multiplied by 10 X. = 1.23 x 10 8

16. 1 - 15 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Scientific notation If a number is smaller than 1 X right Move decimal point X places right to get a number between 1 and 10. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 -7 = 1.23 x 10 -7 -XThe resulting number is multiplied by 10 -X.

17. 1 - 16 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Examples Write in Scientific Notation: 25 = 8931.5 = 0.000593 = 0.0000004 = 3,210. = 2.5 x 10 1 8.9315 x 10 3 5.93 x 10 - 4 4 x 10 - 7 3.210 x 10 3

18. 1 - 17 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry x 10 1.44939 x 10 -2 = Scientific notation 1.44939 E-2 0.0144939 On Calculator 1.44939 (-) 2 EE Means x 10 ChangeSign

19. Exponents Multiplication XYXY Add Exponents (10 X )( 10 Y )= 10 X+Y (10 2 )( 10 3 ) = 10 2+3 = 10 5 (10)(10) (10)(10)(10)= 100,000 1 - 47 © 1997, West Educational Publishing.

20. 1 - 19 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Exponents Division Subtract Exponents XX-Y (10 X )= 10 X-Y Y (10 Y ) (10 2 ) = 10 2-(3) = 10 -1 (10 3 ) -1 (10)(10) = 1 = 10 -1 = 0.1 (10)(10)(10) (10)

21. 1 - 20 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Measured & Exact Numbers Exact Numbers = from counting or by definition 12 coins per package 12 coins 1 package 12 coins 1 package 12 coins 1 package 12 coins = 1 dozen coins 12 coins 1 dozen coins 12 coins 1 dozen coins 12 coins =

22. 1 - 21 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Measured & Exact Numbers Measured Numbers = estimated using a tool We make errorsWe make errors Tools have limitsTools have limits uncertainty All measurements contain some uncertainty.

23. 1 - 22 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Accuracy How close are we to the true value?Truth Precision How well do our values agree?Consistency

24. 1 - 23 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Accuracy and precision Our goal! Truth and Consistency Values we can trust.

25. 1 - 24 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Length of object is between 6.7 and 6.8 The next digit would be a guess. Significant figures If use 6.76 then have error of + 0.01cm

26. 1 - 25 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Significant figures accuracy & precision. Expresses accuracy & precision. You can’t report numbers better than the method used to measure them. 6.76 3 6.76 units = 3 sig figures Certain Digits Uncertain Digit

27. 1 - 26 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Significant figures Sig Figs don’t depend on the decimal point. millimeters 255 millimeters centimeters 25.5 centimeters decimeters 2.55 decimeters meters 0.255 meters decameters 0.0255 decameters

28. 1 - 27 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Significant figures: Rules for zeros 0.00421 Leading zero are Captive zeros are significant. 4012 are Trailing zeros behind decimal are significant. 114.20 Captive zero Trailing zero are not Leading zeros are not significant. 3 3 sig figs 4 4 sig figs 5 5 sig figs

29. 1 - 28 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry 32,000 Are the 0’s significant? 2 2 sig figs = 3 3 sig figs = 4 4 sig figs = 5 5 sig figs = 3.2 x 10 4 3.20 x 10 4 3.200 x 10 4 3.2000 x 10 4 32,000. Significant figures: Rules for zeros

30. 1 - 29 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry 1025 km 2.00 mg 0.00570 520 Significant figures: Rules for zeros Three Three (only trailing zero behind decimal is significant, leading zeros are not) Four Four (Captive zeros are significant) Three Three (trailing zeros behind decimal are significant) Two Two (No decimal, zero assumed insignif)

31. 1 - 30 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Write with 4 Significant Figures: 2.5795035 Rounding 1st insignificant digit 34.204221 34.20 becomes 34.20 2.580 becomes 2.580 > 5 > 5 round up < 5 < 5 round down. > 5 > 5 round up < 5 < 5 round down.

32. 1 - 31 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Significant figures and calculations An answer can’t have greater significance than the quantities used to produce it. speed = 1.0 km 3.00 min 0.3333333333 ? = ? Example How fast did you run if you went 1.0 km in 3.00 minutes?

33. 1 - 32 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Simplified rules for significant figures Multiplication & Division Problems: Do calculations. Look at sig figs for each value in calculation. (Constants don’t count.) least Report answer with same sig figs as least significant value. Round off as needed. speed = 1.0 km 3.00 min 0.333333333 km = 0.333333333 km min min 0.33 km = 0.33 km min min 2 sig figs3 sig figs

34. 1 - 33 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Simplified rules for significant figures Addition & Subtraction Problems: Do calculations. place Look at least significant place for each value in calculation. Report answer to least significant place. Round off as needed. 1.9 + 18.65 20.55 = 20.6 Significant to.1 Significant to.01 Significant to.1

35. 1 - 34 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Metric prefixes Changing the prefix alters the size of a unit. Prefix Symbol Factor (multiple) megaM10 6 1,000,000 kilok10 3 1,000 decid10 -1 0.1 centic10 -2 0.01 millim10 -3 0.001 10 0 1

36. 1 - 35 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Conversion of units Example:Metric Conversion Example: Metric Conversion How many milligrams (mg) are in 5 kilograms (kg)? 1 kg = 1 1000 g 1000 g = 1 1 kg 1 g = 1 1000 mg 1000 mg = 1 1 g Factor label method Identify your conversions factors.

37. 1 - 36 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Identify what is to the problem. want Identify how you want the answer to look. 5 kg = mg Example:Metric Conversion Example: Metric Conversion How many milligrams are in 5 kilograms?

38. 1 - 37 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Multiply by conversion factors until units cancel. If the words work, the numbers will work. 5 kg 1 = mg 1000 g 1 kg 1000 mg 1 g 5,000,000 Example:Metric Conversion Example: Metric Conversion How many milligrams are in 5 kilograms?

39. 1 - 38 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Example: English-Metric Conversion You have a pen of rats each with an average 0.75 lb weight of 0.75 lb. How much rubbing alcohol will it take to kill ½ of the population if the LD 50 is 5000. mg/kg ? Identify your conversions factors.Identify your conversions factors. 1 kg Bw = 1 5000 mg Alc 5000 mg Alc = 1 1 kg Bw 1.0 kg Bw = 1 2.2 lb Bw 2.2 lb Bw = 1 1.0 kg Bw

40. 1 - 39 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry 0.75 lbBW Example: English-Metric Conversion You have a pen of rats each with an average 0.75 lb weight of 0.75 lb. How much rubbing alcohol will it take to kill ½ of the population if the LD 50 is 5000. mg/kg ? 1.0 kgBW 2.2 lbBW 5000. mgAlc 1 kg BW = mgAlc 1704.545 1704.545 1700 mg = 1.7 x 10 3 unique Identify what is unique to the problem. want Identify how you want the answer to look.

41. 1 - 40 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Example: English Conversion How many teaspoons in a barrel of oil? 1 barrel of oil= 42. gallons 1 gallon= 4quarts 1 quart= 4cups 1 cup= 16tablespoons 1 tablespoon= 3 teaspoons 42 gal 1 bal 4 qt 1 gal 4 cup 1 qt 16 Tbl 1 cup 3 tsp 1 Tbl = tsp 1 bal 32,256

42. 1 - 41 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Example How many teaspoons in a barrel of oil? 1 barrel of oil= 42. gallons 1 gallon= 4quarts 1 quart= 4cups 1 cup= 16tablespoons 1 tablespoon= 3 teaspoons 1 brl 42. gal 1 brl 4 qt 1 gal 4 cup 1 qt 16 Tbl 1 cup 3 tsp 1 Tbl = tsp 32,256 32,000 tsp

43. 1 - 42 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Density Water 1.0Urine1.01 - 1.03 Air 0.0013Bone1.7 - 2.0 Gold 19.3Oil0.8 - 0.9 Density = Mass Volume cccm 3 mlg 1cc = 1 cm 3 = 1 ml = 1 g water g cm 3 gml or At 4 o C

44. 1 - 43 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Density calculation 5.00 ml 5.230 gs What is the density of 5.00 ml of serum if it has a mass of 5.230 gs? = 1.05 g ml ml d = m V d = 5.230 g 5.00 ml 5.00 ml

45. 1 - 44 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Specific gravity Specific Gravity = density of substance g ml density of reference g ml Reference commonly water at 4 o C unitless. Specific Gravity is unitless. 4 o Cdensity = specific gravity. At 4 o C, density = specific gravity.

46. 1 - 45 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Specific gravity Commonly used to test sugar in urine. Hydrometer Float height will be based on Specific Gravity.

47. 1 - 46 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Practice: Density The mass of a 6.85 mL sample of a liquid is found to weigh 7.453 grams. What is the density of the liquid? The specific gravity equals 1.09 and as a ratio, has no units.

48. 1 - 47 © Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry Density as a Conversion A liquid sample with a density of 1.09 g/mL is found to weigh 7.453 grams. What is the volume of the liquid in mLs? 1.09 g 1 ml 1.09 g Identify any conversion factors. How should the answer look? 7.453 g = ml What is unique to the problem? 1 ml 1.09 g 6.837614 = 6.84 ml