1. Vineyard Herbicides David Myers Extension Educator

2. Vineyard Floor Management Vineyard Floor Management Options In the Row Herbicide strip Mechanical weed management Mulch Between the Rows Sod strip Mechanical weed management

3. Vineyard Floor Management Between the rows

4. Vineyard Floor Management In the Row Management: Herbicide Strip Advantages Minimal competition Minimal impact on soil structure Low labor Aesthetics Drawbacks Expense Equipment Exposure Short and long term effect on vines?

5. Tell me more about herbicides!

6. Spray Drift Affects Sensitive Crops R. David Myers Extension Educator myersrd@umd.edu

7. A Vineyard Coming to a Farm Near You!

9. Vineyard Floor Management 2,4-D damage to vine

11. From October 1, 2007 – September 5, 2008

13. Herbicide Drift Potential All herbicides are subject to particle drift. Vapor drift potential varies by each herbicide’s vapor potential. Droplet size controls both types of drift. Wind, temperature and humidity affects drift severity.

14. Herbicides with High Drift Damage Potential High vapor potential herbicides. Herbicides that are active at very low application rates. Herbicides that are Plant Growth Regulators (PGR’s)

15. Note: Spray particles under 50 microns in diameter may remain suspended in the air indefinitely or until they evaporate.

16. In relatively dry, warm air (e.g., 30 percent relative humidity and 78°F), a 100-micron droplet quickly loses water by evaporation and becomes less than half its original diameter (one-eighth of its original volume) while falling only 2.5 feet. By comparison, in relatively moist air (e.g., 70 percent relative humidity and 78°F), a 100-micron particle will fall 5 feet and hit the ground before evaporating to half its original diameter. Small droplets become smaller very quickly

19. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Cell Membrane Disrupters Bipyridiliums Paraquat: Gramoxone Inteon ® Post-emergence with no soil activity or uptake Non-selective Contact herbicide: rapid foliar absorption with some translocation Use with a non-ionic surfactant (NIS)

20. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Cell Membrane Disrupters Nonanic acid Pelargonic Acid: Scythe ® Post-emergence with no soil activity or uptake. Non-selective. Contact herbicide: rapid foliar absorption, non-systemic. 75-200 gals/acre spray solution of 5%-10% Scythe ®. 10-gallon spray mixtures: 5% Solution – 2.0 qts. Scythe ® + 9.5 gals. water. 7% Solution – 2.75 qts. Scythe ® + 9.3 gals. water. 10 % solution – 4.0 qts. Scythe ® + 9.0 gals. water.

23. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Aromatic Amino-Acid 5 Enolpyruvyl- Shikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase (EPSP) Inhibitors No Accepted Classification Glyphosate: Roundup Weather Max ® 7 + Roundup formulations or Touchdown ® or Credit ® or Rattler ® Glufosinate: Rely ® Post-emergence with no soil activity or uptake. Non-selective. Contact systemic herbicide: foliar absorption with translocation. Do not use with a surfactant – see label. Avoid trunk, fruit, branch & bud contact.

26. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Meristematic Root Inhibitors: Inhibition of Cell Division and Elongation of Roots Dinitroanalines Pendimethalin: Pendimax ® or Prowl ® New H2O formulation Oryzalin: Surflan ® A.S. Trifluralin: Treflan ® or Trilin ® Pre-emergence with 1-3 months of soil activity Does not leach – forms a herbicide barrier in clay soils Apply before rainfall or shallowly incorporate Controls grasses & small seeded broadleaves Not translocated in plants Pendimethalin labeled for non-bearing vineyards - New 2008 Prowl H2O Supplemental Label for Bearing Orchards

27. www.CDMS.NET

35. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Meristematic Shoot Inhibitors: Strong Inhibiter of Mitosis - Cell Division Chloracetamides or Amides Napropamide: Devrinol ® Pronamide: Kerb ® Apply post harvest to 1-year old vineyards Pre & Post-emergence with 1-3 months of soil activity Very little leaching – forms a herbicide barrier in clay soils Apply before rainfall or shallowly incorporate Controls primarily grasses & small seeded broadleaves Absorbed primarily by the roots and readily translocated via the xylem

36. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Mobile Photosynthetic Inhibitors Ureas Diuron: Karmex ® or Diuron ® Uracils Terbacil: Sinbar ® Pre and Post-emergence with 4-12 months of soil activity Controls broadleaves & grasses Absorbed primarily through the roots translocated readily via the xylem Some foliar uptake 1-3 year established vineyards - consult label

37. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Mobile Photosynthetic Inhibitors Triazines Simazine: Princep ® 3-year old vineyards Pre and Post-emergence with 2-6 months of soil activity Controls broadleaves & grasses Absorbed primarily through the roots translocated readily via the xylem Some foliar uptake Avoid application on high pH soils above 6.8 Half low rate

42. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Carotenoid Synthesis Inhibitors Pyridazinone Norflurazon: Solicam ® 2-year old vineyards Pre-emergence with 1- 6 months of soil activity Controls grasses, sedges and many broadleaves Absorbed primarily through the roots translocated readily via the xylem Half low rate – Dormant or in fall post harvest

44. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitor: Acts Primarily at Actively Dividing Meristems – Roots Tips & Growing Points Benzonitrile Dichlobenil: Casoron ® 4G Pre-emergence with 2-6 months of soil activity Controls broadleaves & grasses equally Very little leaching – high vapor potential Apply before rainfall or shallowly incorporate Absorbed primarily through the roots translocated readily via the xylem – rapid growth inhibition

45. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Cell Membrane Disrupters Diphenylethers Oxyflurofen: Goal ® or Galigan ® or Fire Power ® N-Phenylphthalimides Flumioxazin: Chataeu ® Pre & Post-emergence with 1 month of soil activity or uptake. Controls broadleaves, assists in grass control preemergence. Contact herbicide: Foliar with shoot & some root uptake from the soil – non mobile in plant. Use with a non-ionic surfactant (NIS). Dormant applications only.

48. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor Aryoxyphenoxy-Propianates Fluazifop-P-Butyl: Fusilade ® Non-bearing vineyards Cyclohexandiones Sethoxydim: Poast ® 50-day PHI Post-emergence with no soil activity or uptake Controls gasses only Primarily leaf uptake – rapidly translocates to growing points Use with crop oil concentrate (COC)

50. Herbicide Mode of Action & Classification Enzyme Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPO) Inhibitor: Specifically Inhibits Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase a Key Enzyme for Fatty Acid and Flavonoid Biosynthesis Aryl Triazolinones Clethodim: Select ® Post-emergence with no soil activity or uptake Controls grasses only Primarily leaf uptake – rapidly translocates to growing points Use with crop oil concentrate (COC) Non-bearing vineyards only – 1 year PHI

53. Golden Leaf Farm Vineyard Establishment Year 2007 Jo-Ann & Joe Ramano

54. Vineyard Herbicides R. David Myers Extension Educator myersrd@umd.edu Ag Web Modules New website features in Anne Arundel County - Agricultural Program Teaching Modules: http://annearundel.umd.edu/AGNR/ag media.cfm Thank You! Any Questions?