1. Cycles Describe the transfer and changes from one storage reservoir to another Examples: rock cycle, water cycle, carbon cycle

2. Rock cycle

4. Water cycle

5. Average amount of time spent in a reservoir Residence time = amount in reservoir/amount added (removed) per unit time Residence time Amount out/time Amount in/time Amount in reservoir

6. Residence time at Berkeley 20,000 students 5,000 enter (leave)/year Residence time? Residence time = 20,000 students/5,000 students/year = 4 years

7. Residence time of water in the ocean Volume in ocean: 1.3x10 9 km 3 Discharge from rivers: 3.5x10 4 km 3 /yr Residence time: volume/discharge = 1.3x10 9 km 3 / 3.5x10 4 km 3 /yr = 30 ka

8. Carbon cycle

9. Long term Carbon cycle

10. Carbon cycle: volumes

11. Last 400,000 years