1. Definitions Control – prevention of spread by removing fruits and limiting vegetative spread Eradicate – to completely remove a species from a location

2. Subjects Approaches to control –Mechanical –Herbicides Common species

3. Manual and Mechanical Hand pulling -can use volunteers -good for small infestations -can have low ecological impact -need to keep equipment clean -best for annuals or shallow rooted perennials

4. Manual and Mechanical Tillage/hoeing Mowing, brush cutting, weed eating –Best for species that don’t coppice –“controls” – does not eradicate except through repeated use Girdling – remove cambium (do not use on coppicing species) Mulching – bark, chips, hay, hogfuel, cardboard, carpet Flooding/drawdowns Fire

5. Manual or Mechanical Soil solarization – clear or black plastic - kills tissue if around 113-131 degrees F - soil should be moist - can reduce weed populations for more than a year - not as good for rhizomatous species

6. Waipuna Hot foam containing sugar extracts from corn and coconut (originally hot water/steam) – not an herbicide Expensive

7. Grazing Can control or encourage invasive plants Can use cattle, goats, sheep, geese, chickens, ducks, etc. Need to fence or pen them in Make take several years

8. Herbicides Salts used in ancient times 1902- Army Corps of Engineers, sodium arsenite 1941 2,4,D synthesized – growth regulator 1944 – 2,4,D used on broadleafs

9. Mechanisms - Herbicides Inhibit respiration –Arsenic compounds –Metallo-organics (also based on arsenics) –Phenols

10. Mechanisms - Herbicides Inhibit plant growth – hormone disruptors -absisic acid – no herbicides -cytokinens – no herbicides -Gibberellins – affects plant height, bud dormancy, seed germination – more of a growth regulator than herbicide

11. Mechanisms - Herbicides Hormones, cont. Ethylene – no herbicides Auxins – 2,4,D (Weed B Gone) – causes excess cell division and overgrowth, good on broadleaf weeds, non- persisting, low mammalian toxicity – BUT… 2,4,5,T – better for woody plants >> +dioxin = Agent Orange

12. Mechanisms - Herbicides Inhibitors of biosynthetic processes -Cell division – “pre-emergent” -Nucleic acid or protein synthesis inhibitors – “pre-emergent” -Glyphosate – non-selective contact herbicide, interrupts the shikimate pathway – amino acid production pathway not found in animals – “post- emergent”

13. Considerations Non-target species Use best management practices for handling concentrates Follow ALL laws Must post treated areas Carefully assess site conditions, including weather Likely cannot use volunteers

14. Methods of Application Foliar – spot,boom Basal bark Cut stump Injected into cambium Soil – pre-emergent http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/

16. Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea Rhizomatous grass Mow 5X +/yr Mulches (+ cardboard) Glyphosate (2%) Shading with plantings

17. English Ivy Hedera helix Fast-growing ground cover Remove vertical vines first Pull and wad vines on ground Can use string trimmer followed by glyphosate or triclopyr

18. Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica Strongly rhizomatous shrub Very hard to kill 2X/month mowing for 3 years Injection – 5 ml of 100% glyphosate Triclopyr or glyphosate

19. Himalayan blackberry Rubus armeniacus Repeated mowing Digging Cut stump, treat with triclopyr or triclopyr + 2,4 - D