1. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE

2. POPULATION  1725: 13 Million  1762: 19 Million  1796: 36 Million  Overwhelming rural

3. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE AGRICULTURE & SERFDOM  Continued expansion  But no modernization or increase in productivity  Focus = subsistence production  Serfs often supplemented income with crafts

4. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE INDUSTRY & LABOR  Growth in # of manufactories & # of laborers  State maintained directive role  But also encouraged private enterprise  Continued to conscript peasants into labor force

5. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE TRADE  Internal  South traded food products for finished products from north  External  Exports & imports tripled  Russia became important grain supplier

6. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE SOCIAL CLASSES  Golden age of nobility  1% of population  But dominated country  Loyal service generously rewarded  But new western lifestyle expensive

7. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE SOCIAL CLASSES  Peasantry = majority  Serfs (privately owned)  State peasants  Owed landlords 2 kinds of service: OBROK = monetary payments BARSHCHINA = labor

8. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE SOCIAL CLASSES  Clergy  Position deteriorated anti-clericalism state seizure of lands compensation inadequate

9. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE SOCIAL CLASSES  Townspeople  Population growth  Divided into 3 categories: merchants artisans workers  But still not prominent or numerous

10. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE CULTURE  Distinct period in Russian history  In many ways = break with past  Main influence = Enlightenment  Domain of nobility secular urban western-oriented

11. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE CULTURE  Phases of cultural development:  Under Peter: borrowed western technology  Mid-century: adopted western manners, fashion, art  Under Catherine: brought western ideas & philosophy

12. 18 th CENTURY SOCIETY & CULTURE CULTURE  Process was incomplete  Very little effect on peasantry  Created large gap between elites & masses  Old traditions persist & reject new