1. Formal & Informal Giving In Arizona, Indiana & Michigan Carlton F. Yoshioka ASU Lodestar Center for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Innovation Patrick M. Rooney Heidi Frederick Center on Philanthropy Mary McDonald Maria Gajewski Johnson Center for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Leadership

2. Three State Informal Giving Study Purpose: Develop a comparative analysis of informal giving behavior across Arizona, Michigan and Indiana, utilizing a standardized survey research protocol

3. What is the AIM Alliance? Collaboration between 3 nonprofit academic centers with the goals of increasing capacity and increasing engagement of communities of color in philanthropy.

4. Literature of Informal Giving Mesch & Rooney (2006) – Little research on informal giving Aguirre & Minn (2002), Smith, et al. (1999) – Communities of color tend to be more comfortable giving among families & communities O’Neill et al. (1999) – few differences among California Latinos $62 billion in remittances to Latin American Countries in 2007 (Inter-American Development Bank)

5. Research Questions What is the relationship between formal & informal giving? What is the relationship between race/ethnicity & informal giving? What is the relationship between informal giving & education, income & immigration status? How does giving differ among three states?

6. Methodolgy RDD telephone survey households in AZ, MI and IN Part of project included set of core questions based on Center on Philanthropy Panel Study (COPPS) Total sample size 3,842 –1100 AZ; 1606 IN; 1136 IN In addition AZ and Kent County MI, a listed sample was used to yield additional Hispanic and African American households –Boosted Sample was generated by surnames and by high density clustering sample sources

7. Results – Informal vs. Formal Giving Big Story = No Story (at first glance) Informal Giving has few differences across demographic groups Religious Affiliation/Attendance Education Marital Status Business Ownership

8. Results – Informal vs. Formal Giving Real Story = Contrast Between Informal & Formal Giving Marital Status Education Income Religious Attendance Immigration Status Homeownership

9. Story Behind Findings Patterns of Formal Giving: Education Income Homeownership Lowen et al (2007) found similar pattern Question: What is driving increased donations?

10. Implications for Future Research Survey Refinements: Change Question Sequence – include formal non-givers Add Question(s) About Solicitation Latino Giving Study Examining Survey Language, Definitions Future of Fundraising Population mobility Cell phone use Importance of small donations Internet fundraising

11. Summary Major finding = contrast between formal & informal giving behaviors Demographic & technology shifts make this interesting time in philanthropy How do we reach, serve, solicit everyone?