1. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition Chapter 8: User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces, and the string Type

2. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition2 Objectives In this chapter you will: Learn how to create and manipulate your own simple data type—called the enumeration type Become aware of the typedef statement Learn about the namespace mechanism Explore the string data type, and learn how to use the various string functions to manipulate strings

3. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition3 Enumeration Type Data type - a set of values together with a set of operations on those values To define a new simple data type, called enumeration type, we need three things: −A name for the data type −A set of values for the data type −A set of operations on the values

4. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition4 Enumeration Type (continued) A new simple data type can be defined by specifying its name and the values, but not the operations The values must be identifiers

5. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition5 Enumeration Type (continued) The syntax for enumeration type is: enum typeName{value1, value2,...}; value1, value2, … are identifiers called enumerators value1 < value2 < value3 <...

6. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition6 Enumeration Type (continued) Enumeration type is an ordered set of values If a value has been used in one enumeration type −It cannot be used by another in the same block The same rules apply to enumeration types declared outside of any blocks

7. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition7 Examples The following are illegal enumeration types because none of the values is an identifier: enum grades{'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'F'}; enum places{1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th}; The following are legal enumeration types: enum grades{A, B, C, D, F}; enum places{first, second, third, fourth};

8. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition8 Declaring Variables The syntax for declaring variables is: dataType identifier, identifier,...; The following statement defines an enumeration type sports enum sports{basketball, football, hockey, baseball, soccer, volleyball}; The following statement declares variables of the type sports. sports popularSport, mySport;

9. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition9 Assignment The statement: popularSport = football; stores the word football into popularSport The statement: mySport = popularSport; copies the contents of the variable popularSport into mySport

10. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition10 Operations No arithmetic operation is allowed on enumeration types The following statements are illegal; mySport = popularSport + 2; //illegal popularSport = football + soccer; //illegal popularSport = popularSport * 2; // illegal

11. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition11 Operations (continued) The increment and decrement operations are not allowed on enumeration types The following statements are illegal; popularSport++; //illegal popularSport--; //illegal

12. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition12 Operations and Input/Output Because an enumeration is an ordered set of values −We can use relational operators with them The cast operator can be used to increment, decrement, and compare values −Values can be used in loops Input and output are defined only for built-in data types such as int, char, double The enumeration type can be neither input nor output (directly)

13. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition13 Functions and Enumeration Types Enumeration type can be passed as parameters to functions either by value or by reference A function can return a value of the enumeration type

14. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition14 Anonymous Data Types Anonymous - a data type in which values are directly specified in the variable declaration with no type name, for example: enum {basketball, football, baseball} mysport; Creating an anonymous type has drawbacks We cannot pass an anonymous type as a parameter to a function

15. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition15 Anonymous Data Types (continued) A function cannot return a value of an anonymous type Values used in one can be used in another, but they are treated differently

16. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition16 typedef Statement You can create synonyms or aliases to a previously defined data type by using the typedef statement The syntax of the typedef statement is: typedef existingTypeName newTypeName; typedef does not create any new data types typedef creates an alias to an existing data type

17. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition17 ANSI/ISO Standard C++ ANSI/ISO standard C++ was officially approved in July 1998 Most of the recent compilers are also compatible with ANSI/ISO standard C++ For the most part, standard C++ and ANSI/ISO standard C++ are the same, but −ANSI/ISO Standard C++ has some features not available in Standard C++

18. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition18 Namespaces When a header file, such as iostream, is included in a program −Global identifiers in the header file also become global identifiers in the program If a global identifier in a program has the same name as one of the global identifiers in the header file −The compiler will generate a syntax error (such as identifier redefined) The same problem can occur if a program uses third party libraries

19. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition19 Namespaces (continued) To overcome this problem, third party vendors begin their global identifiers with a special symbol Because compiler vendors begin their global identifier with _ (underscore) −To avoid linking errors, do not begin identifiers in your program with _ ANSI/ISO standard C++ attempts to solve this problem of overlapping global identifier names with the namespace mechanism

20. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition20 Syntax: namespace The syntax of the statement namespace is: namespace namespace_name { members } where a member is usually a variable declaration, a named constant, a function, or another namespace

21. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition21 Accessing a namespace Member The scope of a namespace member is local to the namespace Usually two ways a namespace member can be accessed outside the namespace One way is to use the syntax: namespace_name::identifier To access the member rate of the namespace globalType, the following statement is required: globalType::rate

22. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition22 Accessing a namespace Member (continued) To access the function printResult, the following statement is required: globalType::printResult(); To simplify the accessing of all namespace members: using namespace namespace_name; To simplify the accessing of a specific namespace member: using namespace_name::identifier;

23. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition23 The using Statement After the using statement −Not necessary to precede the namespace_name and the scope resolution operator before the namespace member If a namespace member and a global identifier or a block identifier have the same name −namespace_name and scope resolution operator must precede the namespace member

24. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition24 The string Type To use the data type string, the program must include the header file The statement: string name = "William Jacob"; declares name to be a string variable and also initializes name to "William Jacob" The first character, 'W', in name is in position 0, the second character, 'i', is in position 1, and so on

25. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition25 The string Type (continued) The variable name is capable of storing any size string Binary operator + (to allow the string concatenation operation), and the array subscript operator [], have been defined for the data type string For example, If str1 = "Sunny", the statement stores the string "Sunny Day" into str2: str2 = str1 + " Day";

26. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition26 length Function Length returns the number of characters currently in the string The syntax to call the length function is: strVar.length() where strVar is variable of the type string length has no arguments length returns an unsigned integer The value returned can be stored in an integer variable

27. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition27 size Function The function size is same as the function length Both functions return the same value The syntax to call the function size is: strVar.size() where strVar is variable of the type string As in the case of the function length, the function size has no arguments

28. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition28 find Function find searches a string for the first occurrence of a particular substring Returns an unsigned integer value of type string::size_type giving the result of the search The syntax to call the function find is: strVar.find(strExp) where strVar is a string variable and strExp is a string expression evaluating to a string The string expression, strExp, can also be a character

29. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition29 find Function (continued) If successful, find returns the position in strVar where the match begins For the search to be successful the match must be exact If unsuccessful, find returns the special value string::npos (“not a position within the string”)

30. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition30 substr Function substr returns a particular substring of a string The syntax to call the function substr is: strVar.substr(expr1,expr2) where expr1 and expr2 are expressions evaluating to unsigned integers

31. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition31 substr Function (continued) The expression expr1 specifies a position within the string (starting position of the substring) The expression expr2 specifies the length of the substring to be returned

32. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition32 swap Function swap interchanges the contents of two string variables The syntax to use the function swap is strVar1.swap(strVar2); where strVar1 and strVar2 are string variables Suppose you have the following statements: string str1 = "Warm"; string str2 = "Cold"; After str1.swap(str2); executes, the value of str1 is "Cold" and the value of str2 is "Warm"

33. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition33 Programming Example: Pig Latin Strings Program prompts user to input a string −Then outputs the string in the pig Latin form The rules for converting a string into pig Latin form are as follows: 1.If the string begins with a vowel, add the string "-way" at the end of the string −For example, the pig Latin form of the string "eye" is "eye-way“

34. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition34 Pig Latin Strings (continued) 2.If the string does not begin with a vowel, first add "-" at the end of the string −Then move the first character of the string to the end of the string until the first character of the string becomes a vowel −Next, add the string "ay" at the end − For example, the pig Latin form of the string "There" is "ere-Thay“

35. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition35 Pig Latin Strings (continued) 3.Strings such as "by" contain no vowels −In cases like this, the letter y can be considered a vowel −For this program the vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y, A, E, I, O, U, and Y the pig Latin form of "by" is "y-bay“ 4.Strings such as "1234" contain no vowels −The pig Latin form of a string that has no vowels in it is the string followed by the string "-way“ −For example, the pig Latin form of the string "1234" is "1234-way“

36. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition36 Problem Analysis If str denotes a string −Check the first character, str[0], of str −If str[0] is a vowel, add "-way" at the end of str −If the first character of str, str[0], is not a vowel First add "-" at the end of the string Remove the first character of str from str and put it at end of str Now the second character of str becomes the first character of str

37. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition37 Problem Analysis (continued) −This process is repeated until either The first character of str is a vowel All characters of str are processed, in which case str does not contain any vowels

38. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition38 Algorithm Design The program contains the following functions: −isVowel - to determine whether a character is a vowel −rotate - to move first character of str to the end of str −pigLatinString - to find the pig Latin form of str Steps in the Algorithm: 1.Get str 2.Use the function pigLatinString to find the pig Latin form of str 3.Output the pig Latin form of str

39. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition39 Function isVowel bool isVowel(char ch) { switch(ch) { case 'A': case 'E': case 'I': case 'O': case 'U': case 'Y': case 'a': case 'e': case 'i': case 'o': case 'u': case 'y': return true; default: return false; }

40. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition40 Function rotate Takes a string as a parameter Removes the first character of the string −Places it at end of the string by extracting the substring starting at position 1 until the end of the string, then adding the first character of the string

41. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition41 Function rotate (continued) string rotate(string pStr) { int len = pStr.length(); string rStr; rStr = pStr.substr(1,len - 1) + pStr[0]; return rStr; }

42. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition42 Function pigLatinString If pStr[0] is a vowel, add "-way" at end of pStr If pStr[0] is not a vowel −Move the first character of pStr to the end of pStr −The second character of pStr becomes the first character of pStr Now pStr may or may not contain a vowel −Use a Boolean variable, foundVowel, which is set to true if pStr contains a vowel and false otherwise −initialize foundVowel to false

43. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition43 Function pigLatinString (continued) −if pStr[0] is not a vowel, move str[0] to the end of pStr by calling the function rotate −repeat third step until either the first character of pStr becomes a vowel or all characters of pStr have been checked Convert pStr into the pig Latin form Return pStr

44. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition44 Main Algorithm 1.Get the string 2.Call the function pigLatinString to find the pig Latin form of the string 3.Output the pig Latin form of the string

45. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition45 Summary An enumeration type is a set of ordered values Reserved word enum creates an enumeration type No arithmetic operations are allowed on the enumeration type Relational operators can be used with enum values Enumeration type values cannot be input or output directly

46. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition46 Summary An anonymous type is one where a variable’s values are specified without any type name C++’s reserved word typedef creates synonyms or aliases to previously defined data types The namespace mechanism is a feature of ANSI/ISO Standard C++ A namespace member is usually a named constant, variable, function, or another namespace

47. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition47 Summary The keyword namespace must appear in the using statement A string is a sequence of zero or more characters Strings in C++ are enclosed in double quotation marks In C++, [] is called the array subscript operator The function length returns the number of characters currently in the string

48. C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition48 Summary The function size returns the number of characters currently in the string The function find searches a string to locate the first occurrence of a particular substring The function substr returns a particular substring of a string The function swap is used to swap the contents of two string variables