1. The Physical Setting Biogeography (ENVR333) 9/5/07

2. Environmental Gradient

3. Operational Environment (Abiotic Factors) Terrestrial Systems –Light –Temperature (soil and air) –Moisture (soil and air) –Chemistry (soil and air) –Mechanical force –Fire Aquatic Systems –Salinity –Temperature –Depth (pressure & light) –nutrients

4. Fig. 2.5 (MacDonald 2003)

5. Relationship between light intensity and rate of photosynthesis Fig 3.2 (MacDonald 2003)

6. C 3 – CO 2 to 3-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acid molecules C 4 – CO 2 to two 4-carbon malic and aspartic acid molecules CAM – CO 2 absorbed at night and stored as malic acid then used in C3 process during day Photosynthetic Pathways

7. Relationship between temperature and rate of photosynthesis Fig 3.3 (MacDonald 2003)

8. The northern limits of spruce in North America is limited in part by the cool and short summers of the arctic White spruce (Picea glauca) at treeline in the Northwest Territories of Canada

9. Relationship between northern limits of spruce and July temperatures in Canada Fig 3.4 (MacDonald 2003)

12. Brown and Lomolino 1998

13. Relationship between January temperature and northern limits of the Eastern phoebe Fig 3.8 (MacDonald 2003)

14. http://soils.usda.gov/use/worldsoils/mapindex/str.html

15. Moisture - Some Keywords Xerophyte Mesophyte Hydrophyte Transpiration Sclerophyllous leaves

16. Cacti exhibit a number of adaptations helpful in arid environments Cacti of Baja California, Mexico Barrel cactus n Baja California, Mexico

17. Some plants loose their leaves in the dry season and/or have dimorphic leaves with smaller leaves produced and retained in the dry season

18. Sclerophyllous leaves are associated with a number of trees and shrubs in dry regions

19. The enlarged trunk of some trees (Baobabs) can hold up to 120,000 liters of water

20. The distribution of pinyon pines in California and other parts of the southwestern United States is in part explained by moisture Pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla) near the desert limits in southern California

21. Altered chemical conditions, such as decreased pH and increased concentrations of heavy metals caused by industrial pollution can severely limit the distribution of plants and animals. Acid and metal deposition from the smelter at Monchagorsk, Russia has destroyed forest and aquatic life in a large region around the city

22. Increased levels of ozone have caused damage and mortality to some pines in the mountains surrounding Los Angeles, California. Acid deposition has caused similar symptoms to conifers in eastern North America and Europe

23. Allelopathy - Allelotoxins

24. Ice

25. Catastrophic and Local Land Movement

27. Operational Environment (Abiotic Factors) Terrestrial Systems –Light –Temperature (soil and air) –Moisture (soil and air) –Chemistry (soil and air) –Mechanical force –Fire Aquatic Systems –Salinity –Temperature –Depth (pressure & light) –nutrients

29. Brown and Lomolino 1998

30. Major Ocean Currents

31. Environmental Gradient

32. The Niche Concept takes into account the fact that many environmental variables control species’ distributions