1. Vorlesung Europäische Geschichte Universität Wien, WS 2006 Wolfgang Schmale Themenfeld „Europäische Identität“ Zur Beachtung: Die bereitgestellten Folien sind nur für den Gebrauch der Hörerinnen und Hörer der Europa-Vorlesung bestimmt. Eine Weitergabe ist nicht erlaubt. Inhaber des Copyright: Wolfgang Schmale.

2. Identität: Definitionen General definitions FunctionsCharacteristicsProblemsReferences General form of individual or collective self- definition; (individuals and collectives are both understood as subjects) self-definitions are individual or social(- cultural) constructions; Self-definition is an ingroup fact and mostly differs from identity ascriptions by outgroups Reference and orientation frame, organizes all kinds of information with respect to the self- definition Identity can change but is more static than dynamic; constitutes even collective bodies (i.e. nations) as one “self”; creates feeling of sameness and continuity between past, present, future; Self-awareness of identity? variables of identity in a given society; depends on concrete histo­ ric cultural circumstances; relation/interaction bet­ ween individ­ual and collec­ tive identity; simultaneity of different collective identities (family, local, regional, national, supranational, global, group-identitites) identities are constructions and they are real, for instance psychically Walkenhorst, Heiko: Europäischer Integrationsprozeß und europäische Identität. Die politische Bedeutung eines sozialpsychologisc hen Konzepts. Baden-Baden 1999, 26-49, modified by Wolfgang Schmale

3. General definitions FunctionsCharacteristicsProblemsReferences Collective identity: ▪corresponds to basic human need of making and belonging to groups; ▪provides continuity to society/community ▪social peace ▪protects from diverging dynamics and interests ▪aggressive power is conducted outside the collective ▪integrates diversity into unity ▪instrument of legitimization ▪instrument of political power Simultaneity of collective communication, memory, experience; operated by codes: language, descent, history, manners, customs, memory, myths and narratives (i.e. mother and father narratives), discourses, propaganda, erection of imagined and physic borders (in-group, out- group), prejudices, religion, values, institutions, gender/sex, colour, age, body, relatives, profession, political memberships, nationality, borders, property, instruction, ideology, culture, etc. collective identity results from conscious acts and unconscious influences; different levels of intensity (passivity, participation, idealism, ideological attitude, fanaticism) 3 ways to collective identity: historic: 3 dimensions of time – past: memory, history, remembered events, consciousness of descent, narratives, myths; present: economic, political, social cultural, religious environments; future: intentions, goals. genetic: common ground, we-feeling, distinguishing/exclusion, inclusion, inner balance. psychological: affective ties with the collective or imagined social unity, provides feeling of security, being at one’s home, of being beloved (conflicts between individual and collective foreseeable) Gustave le Bon Gabriel Tarde Sigmund Freud Georg Simmel George H. Mead Ortega y Gasset Erik Erikson Jürgen Habermas Bernhard Giesen Benedict Anderson _______________ ▪social psychology; ▪psychology of the individual; ▪psychology of the mass; ▪historic anthropology: human strategies to distinguish from others; ▪history; ▪theory of social constructionism

4. Which Europe?DefinitionCharacteristicsProblemsReferences GeographicGeographic definitions differ since Antiquity essentialist▪Search for the “centre” (“heart”) of the continent ▪objectivity impossible ▪scientific traditions ▪traditional perceptions of Europe Council of Europe▪International treaty ▪Countries as basic unities ▪political ▪“soft” integration policy ▪the membership of Russia extends “Europe” to Asia ▪Acknowledgement of ECHR and democracy ▪Geography? EC/European Union▪International treaty ▪Countries/nation states as basic unities ▪the 5 commons (common market, common currency, European law, common foreign and security policy, common defence policy) ▪political ▪intensive integration policy ▪Cold War, “Iron Curtain” ▪comprises only part of Europe ▪limits of extension unclear ▪the Schuman- declaration as a new starting point ▪historic plans for European unity ▪history of integration since 1950/1951 ▪acknowledgement of human rights, democracy, political values ▪European history, culture, memory ▪future ▪youth

5. HistoryDefinitionsCharacteristicsProblemsReferences ▪Greek antiquity ▪Roman antiquity ▪Carolingian Period ▪Early modern period ▪1648-1871 ▪1871-1945 ▪geographic ▪cultural ▪geographic ▪geographic ▪Christian ▪exclusion of Muslim Arabs ▪geographic ▪as paradise ▪Christian Republic ▪exclusion of Turks ▪system of powers ▪European culture ▪cultural ▪ideological ▪scarcely elaborated ▪Roman Empire≠Europa ▪the centre of Europe moves to the North of the Alps ▪Europe as an imagined Christian Republic ▪Europe considered as a body ▪“system” ▪balance of powers ▪Five Great Powers ▪European expansion and “europeanization” of the world ▪growing disintegration ▪aggressive nationalism ▪the Empire of Byzantium considers itself as Europe ▪disintegration by religious wars and the growing nation states ▪uncertain about Russia ▪growing gap between Western and Eastern Europe ▪ideologies ▪WWI; WWII Salvific History ▪cultural history; history of mankind

6. 1450-2005“Definitions”: European identity is… Remarks 1453-1648Body + Christian Republic + “homo europaeus” + “history” (myths, religious legends) 1648-1750Culture + (Christian) Republic or State + “homo europaeus” + history (empirically based) 1750-1848/1871Culture + United States of E. (brotherly community of E. states) + homo europaeus (racist approach) + history 1871-1945Culture + homo europaeus (racist approach) + E. state as a goal + history Ideologic divide 1945-2002Culture + different E. communities + homo europaeus/E. citizen + history 2002-Culture + E. constitution + E. citizen + history

7. „Geschichte“ europäischer Identität Epoche15.-17. Jahrhundert18.-20. Jahrhundert21. Jahrhundert Europäisches KollektivDemos der MachtDemos der AufklärungEuropäischer Demos IdentitätsemblemEuropa in forma virginis (r.p.c.)Kultur (Erdteilallegorie)Union (europ. Flagge) DenkrahmenKörper/OrdoSystemVerfassung/Hypertext ZeitdimensionEwigkeit/HeilsgeschichteWerden/Entwicklung: Vergangenheit, Gegenwart, Zukunft Zukunft, Gegenwart LetztbezugGottVernunftWissenschaft