1.  Christel Kemke 2007/08 COMP 4060 Natural Language Processing Grammar Sentence Constructs

2.  Christel Kemke 2007/08 Sentence Constructs Jurafsky&Martin, 2 nd edition, Ch.12, Section 12.3.1, 12.3.2, 12.3.3 Allen, Ch. 2,4,5

3. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Sentence Level Constructs I declarative “ This flight leaves at 9 am. ” S → NP VP imperative “ Book this flight for me. ” S → VP

4. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Sentence Level Constructs II yes-no-question “ Does this flight leave at 9 am? ” S → Aux NP VP wh-question “ When does this flight leave Winnipeg? ” S → Wh-NP Aux NP VP

5. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Noun Phrase Modification 1 Noun Phrase Modifiers head = the central noun of the NP modifiers = additions to head noun included in NP modifiers before the head noun (prenominal) modifiers after the head noun (post-nominal) examples: determiners, adjectives, PPs e.g. the young man the girl with the red hat

6. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Noun Phrase Modification - Prenominal  determiner the, a, this, some,...  predeterminer all the flights  cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers one flight, the first flight,...  quantifiers much, little

7. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Noun Phrase Modification - Prenominal  adjectives a first-class flight, a long flight  adjective phrase the least expensive flight Grammar Rule NP → (Det) (Card) (Ord) (Quant) (AP) Nominal

8. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Noun Phrase Modification - Postnominal  prepositional phrase PP all flights from Chicago Nominal → Nominal PP (PP) (PP)  non-finite clause, gerundive postmodifers all flights arriving after 7 pm Nominal → GerundVP GerundVP → GerundV NP | GerundV PP |...  relative clause a flight that serves breakfast Nominal → Nominal RelClause RelClause → (who | that) VP

9. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Verb Subcategorization  Different verbs accept or need different constituents or complements. VP = Verb + other constituents (complements) e.g.He buys the books.  Verbs can be classified according to the complements they accept or need. e.g.giveneeds two complements He gave her the books. sleepaccepts no complement He sleeps.

10. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Verb Complements  sentential complement VP  Verb inf-sentence I want to fly from Boston to Chicago.  NP complement VP  Verb NP I want this flight.  no complement VP  Verb I sleep.

11. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Other Verb Complements Prepositional Phrases + other Modifiers can be added to specify location or time of action, state or event described by verb  VP  Verb PP PP I fly from Boston to Chicago.  VP  Verb PP I sleep in the barn.  VP  Verb PP ADV I sleep in the barn tonight.

12. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Verb Subcategorization - Examples Jurafsky&Martin, 2 nd edition, Ch. 12, p.18

13. 2007/08  Christel Kemke Allen, Figure 2.11