1. Muons, Inc. MANX Update: MANX Following MICE at RAL MICE cm 23 – January 14, 2008 Richard Sah

2. Muons, Inc. 2 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Outline MANX Concept MANX Concept Helical Cooling Channels (6-D Cooling) Helical Cooling Channels (6-D Cooling) MANX Following MICE at RAL MANX Following MICE at RAL

3. Muons, Inc. 3 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 MANX Concept Muon Collider and Neutrino Factory Ionization Cooling Experiment (MANX) Muon Collider and Neutrino Factory Ionization Cooling Experiment (MANX) Construction of a Helical Solenoid (HS) and its installation at RAL as part of MICE. This HS magnet is very similar to that used in simulations of the mu2e experimental upgrade for the Project-X era at Fermilab Construction of a Helical Solenoid (HS) and its installation at RAL as part of MICE. This HS magnet is very similar to that used in simulations of the mu2e experimental upgrade for the Project-X era at Fermilab Goals and Organization Goals and Organization Test of momentum-dependent Helical Cooling Channel (HCC), applicable to muon colliders, neutrino factories, and stopping muon beams Test of momentum-dependent Helical Cooling Channel (HCC), applicable to muon colliders, neutrino factories, and stopping muon beams Proposal to organize MANX as a joint Fermilab-RAL project Proposal to organize MANX as a joint Fermilab-RAL project Fermilab responsible for magnet and detector upgrades Fermilab responsible for magnet and detector upgrades RAL provides the MICE beam line, where much of the MICE apparatus can be reused RAL provides the MICE beam line, where much of the MICE apparatus can be reused

4. Muons, Inc. 4 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Key MANX features Key MANX features Will Test: Will Test: Theory of Helical Cooling Channel (HCC) Theory of Helical Cooling Channel (HCC) p-dependent HCC with continuous absorber p-dependent HCC with continuous absorber Helical Solenoid Magnet (HS) and absorber similar to that required for upgrade to mu2e experiment Helical Solenoid Magnet (HS) and absorber similar to that required for upgrade to mu2e experiment Simulation programs (G4BL, ICOOL) Simulation programs (G4BL, ICOOL) Minimizes costs and time Minimizes costs and time no RF, uses normalized emittance, ~5 m LHe E absorber no RF, uses normalized emittance, ~5 m LHe E absorber RF is developed in parallel with new concepts RF is developed in parallel with new concepts builds on MICE, adds 6-d capability, ~ps detectors builds on MICE, adds 6-d capability, ~ps detectors

5. Muons, Inc. 5 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Outline: HCC In recent years, the concept of Helical Cooling Channels has been invented and developed for 6-D muon-beam cooling In recent years, the concept of Helical Cooling Channels has been invented and developed for 6-D muon-beam cooling Ionization Cooling Ionization Cooling Transverse Emittance IC Transverse Emittance IC Wedges or Continuous Energy Absorbers Wedges or Continuous Energy Absorbers Helical Cooling Channels (HCC) Helical Cooling Channels (HCC)

6. 6 6 Each particle loses momentum by ionizing a low-Z absorber Only the longitudinal momentum is restored by RF cavities The angular divergence is reduced until limited by multiple scattering Successive applications of this principle with clever variations leads to small emittances for many applications Early work: Budker, Ado & Balbekov, Skrinsky & Parkhomchuk, Neuffer Principle of Ionization Cooling Muons, Inc.

7. 7 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Transverse Emittance IC The equation describing the rate of cooling is a balance between cooling (first term) and heating (second term): The equation describing the rate of cooling is a balance between cooling (first term) and heating (second term): Here  n is the normalized emittance, E µ is the muon energy in GeV, dE µ /ds and X 0 are the energy loss and radiation length of the absorber medium,   is the transverse beta-function of the magnetic channel, and  is the particle velocity. Here  n is the normalized emittance, E µ is the muon energy in GeV, dE µ /ds and X 0 are the energy loss and radiation length of the absorber medium,   is the transverse beta-function of the magnetic channel, and  is the particle velocity. Bethe-BlochMoliere (with low Z mods)

8. Muons, Inc. 8 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Ionization Cooling is only transverse. To get 6D cooling, emittance exchange between transverse and longitudinal coordinates is needed. THIS RH CONCEPTUAL PICTURE BE REALIZED? A MANX GOAL! Wedges or Continuous Energy Absorber for Emittance Exchange and 6d Cooling

9. Muons, Inc. 9 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Helical Cooling Channel First simulations showed factor of ~150,000 reduction in 6d emittance in less than 100 m of HCC. First simulations showed factor of ~150,000 reduction in 6d emittance in less than 100 m of HCC. ~40,000 microns normalized transverse acceptance ~40,000 microns normalized transverse acceptance Used 200 MHz H2-pressurized cavities inside magnet coils. (absorber and RF occupy same space) Used 200 MHz H2-pressurized cavities inside magnet coils. (absorber and RF occupy same space) Engineering Implementation requires creativity Engineering Implementation requires creativity Coils outside of such large RF Cavities are difficult. Solutions? Coils outside of such large RF Cavities are difficult. Solutions? bigger coils: Helical Solenoid with/without correction coils bigger coils: Helical Solenoid with/without correction coils smaller cavities: 1) dielectric-loaded or 2) traveling wave solutions smaller cavities: 1) dielectric-loaded or 2) traveling wave solutions smaller pitch angle (weaker helical dipole) eases field at conductor smaller pitch angle (weaker helical dipole) eases field at conductor H2-Pressurized RF cavities are undeveloped/unproven H2-Pressurized RF cavities are undeveloped/unproven Max RF gradient shown to be insensitive to external B field. Max RF gradient shown to be insensitive to external B field. MTA proton beam tests soon. (SF6 dopant calcs/tests encouraging) MTA proton beam tests soon. (SF6 dopant calcs/tests encouraging)

10. Muons, Inc. 10 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 6-Dimensional Cooling in a Continuous Absorber Helical cooling channel (HCC) Helical cooling channel (HCC) Continuous absorber for emittance exchange Continuous absorber for emittance exchange Solenoidal, transverse helical dipole and quadrupole fields Solenoidal, transverse helical dipole and quadrupole fields Helical dipoles known from Siberian Snakes Helical dipoles known from Siberian Snakes z- and time-independent Hamiltonian z- and time-independent Hamiltonian Derbenev & Johnson, Theory of HCC, April/05 PRST-AB Derbenev & Johnson, Theory of HCC, April/05 PRST-AB http://www.muonsinc.com/reports/PRSTAB-HCCtheory.pdf http://www.muonsinc.com/reports/PRSTAB-HCCtheory.pdf

11. 1111 Particle Motion in an HCC Magnet Blue: Beam envelope Red: Reference orbit Magnet Center Combined function magnet (invisible in this picture) Solenoid + Helical dipole + Helical Quadrupole Dispersive component makes longer path length for higher momentum particles and shorter path length for lower momentum particles. Opposing radial forces Transforming to the frame of the rotating helical dipole leads to a time and z – independent Hamiltonian b' added for stability and acceptance

12. 12 Some Important Relationships 12 Hamiltonian Solution Equal cooling decrements Longitudinal cooling only ~Momentum slip factor ~ Muons, Inc.

13. 1313 Two Different Designs of Helical Cooling Magnet Siberian snake type magnet Consists of 4 layers of helix dipole to produce tapered helical dipole fields. Coil diameter is 1.0 m. Maximum field is more than 10 T. Helical solenoid coil magnet Consists of 73 single coils (no tilt). Maximum field is 5 T Coil diameter is 0.5 m. Large bore channel (conventional) Small bore channel (helical solenoid) Great new innovation! Muons, Inc.

14. 1414 HS for Cooling Demonstration Experiment Goals: cooling demonstration, HS technology development Features: SSC NbTi cable, B max ~6 T, coil ID ~0.5m, length ~10m

15. Muons, Inc. 15 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Outline: MANX Following MICE at RAL What It Is What It Is Changes Required for MANX Changes Required for MANX Current Status of MANX Current Status of MANX Participating Institutions Participating Institutions Summary Summary

16. Muons, Inc. 16 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 MANX Following MICE at RAL

17. Muons, Inc. 17 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 MANX Following MICE The HS will be installed at the MICE beam line, where much of the MICE apparatus can be reused. The HS will be installed at the MICE beam line, where much of the MICE apparatus can be reused. However, changes will be required However, changes will be required Incident muon beam momentum increased to 350 MeV/c Incident muon beam momentum increased to 350 MeV/c MANX requires more precise longitudinal momentum resolution, for a MANX requires more precise longitudinal momentum resolution, for a 6-D cooling experiment, perhaps by TOF measurements MANX may need upgraded Cherenkov counters to identify muons and reject pions at 350 MeV/c MANX may need upgraded Cherenkov counters to identify muons and reject pions at 350 MeV/c Particle trajectories must be measured at a number of positions within the cooling channel, in order to test the theory of cooling within the HCC Particle trajectories must be measured at a number of positions within the cooling channel, in order to test the theory of cooling within the HCC There may be differences in triggering and in DAQ There may be differences in triggering and in DAQ Experimental layout must be reconfigured for the HCC, matching sections, and detectors Experimental layout must be reconfigured for the HCC, matching sections, and detectors

18. Muons, Inc. 18 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Muons, Inc. Project History Underlined are explicitly related to HCC Underlined are explicitly related to HCC YearProject Expected Funds Research Partner 2002-5High Pressure RF Cavity$600,000 IIT (Dan K.) 2003-7Helical Cooling Channel$850,000Jlab (Slava D.) 2004-5MANX demo experiment$ 95,000FNAL TD (Victor Y.) 2004-7 Phase Ionization Cooling$745,000Jlab (Slava D.) 2004-7HTS Magnets$795,000FNAL TD (Victor Y.) 2005-9Reverse Emittance Exch.$850,000Jlab (Slava D.) 2005-9Capture, ph. rotation$850,000FNAL AD (Dave N.) 2006-9 G4BL Sim. Program$850,000 IIT (Dan K.) 2006-9MANX 6D Cooling Demo $850,000FNAL TD (M. Lamm) 2007-10Stopping Muon Beams$750,000FNAL APC (Chuck A.) 2007-10HCC Magnets$750,000FNAL TD (Sasha Z.) 2007-8 Compact, Tunable RF$100,000FNAL AD (Milorad P.) 2008-9Pulsed Quad RLAs$100,000Jlab (Alex B.) 2008-9Fiber Optics for HTS$100,000FSU (Justin S.) 2008-9RF Breakdown Studies$100,000LBNL (Derun L.) 2008-9Rugged RF Windows$100,000Jlab (Bob Rimmer) 2008-9H2-filled RF Cavities$100,000FNAL APC (Katsuya Y.) 2009Illinois matching $150,000DCEO (Hedin)

19. Muons, Inc. 19 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 HCC Magnets for MANX Prototype coils for MANX have been designed and modeled. Construction of a 4-coil assembly using SSC cable is complete. Tests in the TD vertical Dewar will start soon. Since the MANX matching sections are made of coils with varying offset, they are more expensive than the cooling region. Consequently the total magnet cost can be drastically reduced if the matching sections are not needed.

20. Muons, Inc. 20 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 HCC Magnets using HTS Beam cooling to reduce the size of a muon beam depends on the magnetic field strength. The Phase II proposal to develop this hybrid scheme has been approved. Here a hybrid magnet of Nb3Sn (green) and HTS (red) could provide up to 30 T in an HCC design.

21. Muons, Inc. 21 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 MANX as a Pre-cooler z = 0 m z = 3 m z = 6 m p (MeV/c) 10k POT Used LiH plate in this simulation Good transmission

22. Muons, Inc. 22 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Simpler Option without Matching Sections LHe or LH2 region Matching sections Requires transverse displacement of downstream spectrometer Magnet ~$10M Magnet < $5M

23. Muons, Inc. 23 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Discussions with MICE Collaboration Rolland Johnson presented the idea of “MANX Following MICE at RAL” to the MICE Collaboration (October 20, 2008, at RAL) Rolland Johnson presented the idea of “MANX Following MICE at RAL” to the MICE Collaboration (October 20, 2008, at RAL) A MICE Collaboration Committee was formed to investigate this concept A MICE Collaboration Committee was formed to investigate this concept Questions were posed by John Cobb Questions were posed by John Cobb Answers have been provided by Muons, Inc. Answers have been provided by Muons, Inc. Feb 09 presentation to FNAL AAC has been scheduled Feb 09 presentation to FNAL AAC has been scheduled A 55-page proposal has been prepared A 55-page proposal has been prepared Will request support from FNAL for MANX at MICE ($5-10M magnet) Will request support from FNAL for MANX at MICE ($5-10M magnet) An expression of interest from the MICE collaboration would be very welcome! An expression of interest from the MICE collaboration would be very welcome! We invite HIT to become seriously involved in the HS for MANX. We invite HIT to become seriously involved in the HS for MANX.

24. Muons, Inc. 24 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Participating Institutions Muons, Inc. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility University of Chicago University of California at Riverside Illinois Institute of Technology Northern Illinois University

25. Muons, Inc. 25 Richard Sah – MICE cm23 January 14, 2009 Summary: MANX Will Test: Will Test: Theory of Helical Cooling Channel (HCC) Theory of Helical Cooling Channel (HCC) p-dependent HCC with continuous absorber p-dependent HCC with continuous absorber Helical Solenoid Magnet (HS) and absorber similar to that required for upgrade to mu2e experiment Helical Solenoid Magnet (HS) and absorber similar to that required for upgrade to mu2e experiment Simulation programs (G4BL, ICOOL) Simulation programs (G4BL, ICOOL) Minimizes costs and time Minimizes costs and time no RF, uses normalized emittance, ~5 m LHe E absorber no RF, uses normalized emittance, ~5 m LHe E absorber RF is developed in parallel with new concepts RF is developed in parallel with new concepts builds on MICE, adds 6-D capability, ~ps detectors builds on MICE, adds 6-D capability, ~ps detectors