1. Outflows and Feedback Smita Mathur Ohio State [Yair Krongold et al. 2007 ApJ 659, 1022]

2. Feedback from AGNs Absolutely necessary to explain a variety of astronomical observations: - M--  relation - cluster cooling flows - sizes of galaxies - star formation rates - enrichment of IGM

3. Methods of Feedback Jets : accepted for cluster cooling flows.

4. Outflows are ubiquitous Seen in 50% of Seyfert galaxies. NGC 3783 HST and FUSE

5. Do outflows carry sufficient energy and momentum to be effective agents of feedback?

6. Parameters we need to know: Mass Velocity 

7. Column density of ions Total column density Mass Ionization correction Geometry Metallicity

9. What is the distance of the absorber from the nucleus? Proposals span a factor of > 10 6 from accretion disk to Kpc scale narrow line region n R 2

10. Variability Density Distance

11. XMM Observations of NGC 4051 RGS  High resolution spectrum EPIC  Variability

15. R (HIP) = 0.5-1.0 lt days. (2300-4600 R S ) R (LIP) = < 3.5 lt days. (< 15800 R S ) BH mass in NGC 4051 is 2 x 10 6 M ⊙

16. The outflow is clearly compact …consistent with an accretion disk origin. Rule out various models: - wind off torus edge ( Krolik & Kriss ) - continuous range of ionization parameter

17. Mass & Energy outflow rates HIP & LIP mass outflow rates: ~ 1 x 10 -4 M ⊙ yr -1 c.f. accretion rate: ~ 5 x 10 -3 M ⊙ yr -1

18. Kinetic power released: ~10 38 erg/s c.f. bolometric luminosity: 2.5 x 10 43 erg/s Energy injection rate in the surrounding medium is significantly smaller than that in feedback models Scannapieco Silk

19. What about luminous quasars? Total energy output: ~ 10 57 erg. (if outflow to accretion rate is the same as in NGC 4051) c.f. feedback requirement of ~ 10 60 erg Hopkins et al Scannapieco et al.

20. The measured energy output falls significantly short of what’s needed for effective feedback unless………..

21. 1.Outflow rate does not scale simply with accretion rate 2. We observe outflow before it is fully accelerated.

22. In NGC 4051 v wind << v escape How common is this? Are powerful quasars different?