1. 1) PR and Unemployment (Spain) High unemployment rates for too much time makes for discouraged workers (no hope of finding a job) Drop in unemployment and the increase of women’s participation drove the PR up in the 90s Unions?

2. 2) Women and the labor market Legal system: maternity leaves and other regulations Drop in the birth rate and use of contraception methods Jobs are no longer “physical” Every woman who enters the labor market creates employment for many others (child care, cleaning, etc.)

3. 3) Real wages and unemployment: a possible explanation In Spain it is very difficult to fire workers (especially high- wage full-time tenured ones) During crises firms tend to lay off temporary workers The case of a “two-tier labor market” Average wages go up as a result In more flexible countries firms can fire workers at any level (and wages), cutting down expenses with little unemployment effects

4. 4) Immigration and aggregate demand (example) S1 D1 Employment Real wage S2 D2 E1 E2 Employment goes up and real wages remain the same