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Keiling et al. ‘03 VisibleFUV Downward Poynting Flux Upward Poynting Flux Auroral Morphology as seen in
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Occurrence of Upward Ion Beams Near 1R E Altitude (Polar TIMAS) Collin et al. ‘98
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Carlson et al. ‘01 Alfvén Wave Induced Outflow
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Auroral Luminosity Downward Alfvén Poynting Flux Upward Ion Beams Liou et al. ‘97 Keiling et al. ‘03 Collin et al. ‘98
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OUTFLOW Strangeway et al. ’02
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Li and Temerin ‘93
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Auroral substorms & geomagnetic storms Hypothesis (McFadden) Substorms deposit EM energy at low altitude. Ionosphere expands, promoting intense ion outflows. Stormtime electric fields force outflowing ions into near-earth plasmasheet. Betatron acceleration energizes earthward convecting ions. The now prodigious, energetic ions further energize the ring current, intensifying the storm.
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