1. ASIAN SKILLED MIGRATION TO AND FROM AUSTRALIA: PATTERNS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS by Graeme Hugo Federation Fellow Professor of Geography and Director of the National Centre for Social Applications of GIS The University of Adelaide Paper prepared for the Fourth International Conference on Population Geographers, Hong Kong 10-13 July 2007

2. Outline of Paper Introduction Complexity in South-North Migration Australian International Migration Data Asian Skilled Migration to Australia Migration from Australia to Asia A China Case Study Some Implications Conclusion

3. South-North Skilled Migration The increasing skill focus of migration programs in destination countries The development literature on the positive effects of emigration The increasing transnational focus in migration research and policy

4. Brain Drain vs Brain Gain vs Brain Circulation

5. Return Migration Long history in migration research New conceptualisation of return –Permanent vs temporary –Virtual return, diaspora Increasing policy interest in how to facilitate and enhance all forms of return Lack of empirical evidence

6. Australian Immigration Data Stocks:Quinquennial Censuses – suite of questions Flows:Departure and Arrival Cards

7. permanent movement – persons migrating to Australia and residents departing permanently; long term movement – temporary visa holders arriving and residents departing temporarily with the intention to stay in Australia or abroad for twelve months or more, and the departure of temporary visa holders and the return of residents who had stayed in Australia or abroad for twelve months or more; short term movement – travellers whose intended or actual stay in Australia or abroad is less than twelve months.

8. Introduction of the Personal Identifier Mid 1998 Allows examination of all moves of specific individuals Used in current research to examine post-arrival mobility of Asian permanent arrivals

9. Australia: A Country of Immigration 23 percent born overseas One fifth Australia-born with an overseas-born parent(s) 630,513 persons temporarily present at 30/6/06 289,300 with the right to work 345,761 given temporary residence in 2002-03 131,593 incoming permanent settlers in 2005-06 1 million expatriates outside Australia

10. Australia: Migration Program Outcomes by Stream, 1989-90 to 2006-07 Source: DIMIA Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, various issues

11. Australia: Asia-Born Settler Arrivals by Region, 1994-95 to 2005-06 Source: DIAC unpublished data

12. Asian Permanent Migration to Australia, 1994-2006 440,954 37.3 percent of total migration China - 92,590 India - 66,308 Philippines- 41,800 Vietnam - 30,784 Indonesia - 29,442 Hong Kong SAR- 25,800

13. Ratio of Family:Skill 1994-941.23 1996-971.06 1998-990.86 2002-030.70 2004-050.61

14. Australia: Asia-Born and Total Settler Arrivals – Category of Traveller by Occupation, 1997-98 to 2004-06 Source:DIAC Overseas Arrivals and Departures

15. Australia: Long-Term Visitor Arrivals by Birthplace, 1993-94 to 2005-06 Source: DIAC unpublished data

16. Australia: Long Term Arrivals of Asia-born and Total Persons by Occupation, 1997-98 to 2005-06 Source: DIAC Overseas Arrivals and Departures

17. Overseas Students in Australian Universities, 1983-2005 Source: DEST Students: Selected Higher Education Statistics, various issues

18. Increasing Onshore Migration Percent of all settlers 2002-06 onshore - 26.1 Percent of all settlers from Asia 2002-06 onshore - 31.8

19. Australia: Visa Category of Permanent Additions from Asia, 2002-06 Source: DIMA Immigration Update, various issues

20. Nexus Between Student Migration and Permanent Settlement Australia: Onshore Migrants, 2001-02 to 2005-06 Source: DIMA Population Flows: Immigration Aspects and Immigration Update, various issues

21. Australia: Overseas Students Transferring to Permanent Residence by Country of Citizenship, 2005-06 Source:DIMIA unpublished data

22. In addition many settler arrivals have an Australian qualification. 2003-04 - 55 percent of skilled immigrant settlers had an Australian qualification. Asians - 88.9 percent

23. Australia: Number of Skilled Stream Outcome Principles with Points for Australian Qualification by Citizenship, 2004-05 Source: Unpublished data supplied by DIMIA

24. Increased Complexity in Asian Skilled Migration Intra Asian Migration Return Migration North-South Migration Third Country Movements

25. Number of Resident Foreigners in Korea by Country of Origin, 31 May 2007 Source:Korea Immigration Service, Ministry of Justice 2007:1 Million (2 percent) 2021: 4 Million

26. Australia: Asian Country of Origin – Overseas and Australia- Born Permanent Arrivals and Departures, 1994-95 to 2005-06 Source:DIAC Overseas Arrivals and Departures

29. Australia: Asia-Born Permanent Arrivals and Departures by Occupation, 1997-98 to 2005-06 Source:DIAC Overseas Arrivals and Departures

30. Australia: Asia-Born According to Their Length of Residence in Australia, 2006 Source:ABS 2006 Census

31. Australia-Born Departures to Asia 54,264 in 1994-2006 –38.6% of departures –Equivalent to 13% of Asia-born arrivals Australia-born children of immigrants Increasingly skilled migrants

32. Main Destinations Singapore-13,547 Hong Kong SAR-12,997 China- 5,130 Japan- 4,525 Indonesia- 4,447 Thailand- 3,341 Vietnam- 1,554

33. Australia-Born Permanent Departures to Asia by Occupation, 1997-98 to 2005-06

34. Third Country Migration ‘Brain Bypass’ (Biao, 2004, 164) ‘the movement of skilled migration from the South to countries like Canada and Australia where, using experience acquired in those countries or leverage, they then move on to other countries, particularly the USA’.

35. Permanent Migration from Australia to China and of the China- Born, 2000-06 Source: DIMIA 2004 and DIMA 2006

36. Permanent Migration from Australia to India and of the India-Born, 2000-06 Source: DIAC

37. Australia: India- and China-Born Permanent Departures by Destination, 1994-2006 Source: DIAC unpublished data

38. Australia: Stock of Chinese Students Present 1999-2006 (as at 31 March) Source: DIMA Immigration Update, various issues

39. Long Term Movement to and From China and India, 1994-95 to 2005-06 Source: DIMA unpublished data China India

40. Short Term Movement to and From China and India, 1994-95 to 2005-06 Source:DIMA unpublished data

41. 1999-2006 China-BornIndia-Born Total individuals190,600115,439 Total moves931,312416,439 Average no. of moves4.93.6

42. Australia: Percent Settler Arrivals from China – Number of Subsequent Moves by Year of Arrival, 1999-2006 Source: DIAC unpublished data Year of ArrivalPercent No MovePercent 10+ Moves 1999-200016.617.3 2000-0112.818.5 2001-0213.318.5 2002-0314.713.8 2003-0421.29.4 2004-0529.13.8 2005-0642.52.5

43. Implications of Increased Movement Between China and Australia Enhancement of China-Australia Economic and Social Linkages Brain Drain and Brain Circulation Strengthening of Networks

44. Australia: Correlation Co-efficient Between Size of Immigrant Communities*, 1991 and International Trade, 2005 Source: DIMIA unpublished data

45. Australia: Correlation Co-efficient Between Short Term Travel in and Out of Australia and the Size of Immigrant Communities, 2001 Source: ABS

46. Chinese Policy on Skilled Migration Encouraging movement to study in foreign countries Return migration policy Hai Gui - sea turtules Increased return flow

47. Intentions to Return to China Among Chinese Settlers Little known Triangular movement Study of 239 Chinese University Academics in Australia

48. What are your long term plans to stay in Australia? FrequencyPercent Will stay permanently11454.3 Will stay more than 10 years2511.9 Will stay 5-10 years125.7 Will stay up to 5 years21.0 Leave within the next 2 years41.9 Go back to mainland soon21.0 Undecided5124.3 Missing29 Total239100.0

49. Australian Chinese Academic Study: Linkages with Mainland China Source: Survey (N=239)

50. Virtual Return Source: Wescott 2005 “huiuo fuwu” (return and serve the motherland) “weiguo fuwu” (serve the motherland)

51. The Dumbbell Model Source: After Wescott 2005

52. Conclusion Continuing investigation on flows of individual migrants Complexity of flows between countries Need for understanding of ‘virtual’ as well as ‘temporary’ return migration Implications of bilocality, binationality not clear Need to understand strategies of individual migrants More development sensitivity in Australian immigration system? Increasing barriers to settlement