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CONGRATS… You made it through 300A!!! Lecture 1 – Your Proposal
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What is a research proposal? Everything with the exception of the data!!! Background Hypothesis Method (subs, apparatus, procedure) Results Discussion
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Scientific Method ? Idea Question Observations That place they call the “Library” Develop idea into hypothesis Deductive Reasoning Basic vs Applied “If” “Then” Theories & Models Reporting Results: Class, scientific meeting, publication Design: procedures, stats Subjects etc FUN PART Experiment – collection of data Fun but HARD Data Analysis - Statistics Interpretation: Develop new theory or support old Parsimony what do you predict
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1.Research Question Do “lit” search (300A!!!!) 2. Develop hypothesis …already been asked? …already hypothesized? 3. What methods have already been used? 1. Idea Question?
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Theory Hypothesis confirm observations Bottom Up - Inductive Top Down – Deductive observation Look for patterns hypothesis theory
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You will be required to use a true experimental design…which of course includes the following: 1)One or more hypothesis 2)Includes at least 2 “levels” of IV (for this class, at least 2 IVs) 1)Random assignment 2)Procedures for testing hypothesis 3)Controls for major threats to internal validity (discussion) +++++++++ Plus a hypothesis involving a relationship between variables Experimental Design (5 characteristics)
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Develop the problem statement Define IV & DV Develop research hypothesis Identify a population of interest Random sampling & Random assignment Specify procedures (methods) Anticipate threats to validity Create controls Specify Statistical tests Ethical considerations Experimental Design Clear Experimental Design…OD…OD….OD
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Applied Research vs Basic Research
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Applied or Basic Research??? Generate info that can be applied directly to the solution to a “real world” problem Are not concerned with application Investigates issues relevant to “confirmation” or “disconformation” of a theory or empirical position vs
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Between or Repeated Measures / Within Subs Design??? Control error variance = individual diff. No diff. due to sampling error! Fewer subjects are needed! More sensitive to find effect… But carryover effects???
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Is it All Observable Behavior??? Facts Children Playing Adults Interaction Physiological responses (HR, GSR) Rats eating vs Constructs Memory Intelligence Love Attitudes Emotions Empirical Observations = collecting data Inferences = CONSTRUCTS non observable not a fact defined by us
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What will be your level of constraint?
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Nonscientific Naturalistic Observation Case Study Correlational Research Quasi-experimental Research Experimental Research Types of Research (approach to gathering data) Level of Constraint HI LOW Level of Constraint: control = more precision
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Research Ethics Human Subjects Institutional Review Board (HSIRB) - Consists of members of community & peers - Review research proposals – Yea or Nay - Assure that project meets ethical standards (set by APA. NIH & institution) Informed Consent: a form that provides the subject with enough info to make an “informed” decision Debriefing? Confederates?
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Institutional Care and Use of Animal Committee (IACUC) Research Ethics Veterinarian, non scientist, scientist/researcher Housing, care & use
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