1. Google Scholar Lilit Arabyan INF STD 19 SEM 1 Professor Richardson 2.18.10

2. Google Scholar “Stand on the shoulders of giants” – Taken from Sir Isaac Newton's famous quote, "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." – Google’s acknowledgement that much of scholarly research involves building on what others have already discovered.

3. Google Scholar A search service, launched in November 2004, which allows for the open search of scholarly literature (i.e. articles, books, peer-reviewed papers, theses, preprints, court opinions, abstracts and technical reports) from academic publishers, professional societies, universities and websites, for free.

4. Google Scholar Indexes digital archives of most of the largest academic publishers, preprint servers and repositories

5. Google Scholar Indexes digital archives of most of the largest academic publishers, preprint servers and repositories Ranks them in accordance to how often and how recently the work has been cited in other scholarly literature (descending order)

6. Google Scholar Indexes digital archives of most of the largest academic publishers, preprint servers and repositories Ranks them in accordance to how often and how recently the work has been cited in other scholarly literature (descending order) Allows for a more refined search through its Advanced Search page Advanced Search page

7. Google Scholar Search Search by author, title, topic, or other keywords

8. Google Scholar Search Search by author, title, topic, or other keywords Refined search Advanced Search Tips i.e.: [author:Steinbeck] “East of Eden” For better search results

9. Google Scholar Search Search by author, title, topic, or other keywords Refined search Advanced Search Tips i.e.: [author:Steinbeck] “East of Eden” For better search results Results a snippet of text and a citation of the scholarly literature

10. Google Scholar Libraries can choose to make their resources (the article) available through the user’s library's holdings: Library LinksLibrary Links On-campus users at participating schools will notice additional links next to search results (Also linked to OCLC's Open WorldCat database) If the user is not a member of any library, some preprints, early drafts and other versions of the article may be available Scholar Preferences allows users to select their preferred citation format in the "Bibliography Manager" section. RefWorks, RefMan, EndNote, and BibTeX are currently supported. Scholar Preferences If your paper hasn’t been indexed: your publisher or scholarly society can contact Google Scholarcontact Google Scholar Upon noticing other errors in articles, the user can also let them knowlet them know

11. Citation A reference to a published or unpublished source Intellectual honesty Documenting is the most accurate way to give credit where credit is due

12. What to cite Quotations, predictions, opinion pieces (directly quoted or paraphrased) Statistics Visuals Theories Case studies Experimental methods/results Specialized research procedures/findings (all which come directly from a source)

13. What not to cite The facts or historical data that are used as a base for research. (i.e.: that WWII took place from 1914-1918) (but political theories of authors who wrote about the war must be cited) Thoughts that are completely original

14. Originality? The following quote is from film director Jim Jarmusch: "Nothing is original. Steal from anywhere that resonates with inspiration or fuels your imagination. Devour old films, new films, music, books, paintings, photographs, poems, dreams, random conversations, architecture, bridges, street signs, trees, clouds, bodies of water, light and shadows. Select only things to steal from that speak directly to your soul. If you do this, your work (and your theft) will be authentic. Authenticity is invaluable: originality is non- existent. And don't bother concealing your thievery - celebrate it if you feel like it. In any case, always remember what Jean-Luc Godard said: 'It's not where you take things from - it's where you take them to."

15. So we cite because… It simplifies and summarizes information, into which we incorporate our thoughts

16. So we cite because… It simplifies and summarizes information, into which we incorporate our thoughts Material worthy of citing is shared

17. So we cite because… It simplifies and summarizes information, into which we incorporate our thoughts Material worthy of citing is shared It can prove a point i.e.: published solutions, documentations, charts, graphs, other useful data

18. So we cite because… It simplifies and summarizes information, into which we incorporate our thoughts Material worthy of citing is shared It can prove a point i.e.: published solutions, documentations, charts, graphs, other useful data We can be repeating work that was already done and/or finding solutions that are less complete than previously published solutions

19. So we cite because… It simplifies and summarizes information, into which we incorporate our thoughts Material worthy of citing is shared It can prove a point i.e.: published solutions, documentations, charts, graphs, other useful data We can be repeating work that was already done and/or finding solutions that are less complete than previously published solutions Schools enforce plagiarism Courts enforce copyright infringement (Fair Use exemption)

20. So we cite because… It simplifies and summarizes information, into which we incorporate our thoughts Material worthy of citing is shared It can prove a point i.e.: published solutions, documentations, charts, graphs, other useful data We can be repeating work that was already done and/or finding solutions that are less complete than previously published solutions Schools enforce plagiarism Courts enforce copyright infringement (Fair Use exemption) Credibility, accuracy, timeliness

21. And because… Danny Vinyard: Derek says it's always good to end a paper with a quote. He says someone else has already said it best. So if you can't top it, steal from them and go out strong. American History X, Kaye, Tony (Directory);McKenna, David (Writer) Morrissey, John (Producer), 1998; Norton, Edward; Furlong, Edward …there is a high chance someone has said it better.

22. what about the publishers and authors?

23. “ These and related questions could remain unanswered, at least for now, because Google and the rights holders seek to settle the litigation over the Google Book Search Library Project... The court granted preliminary approval of the revised agreement on November 19, 2009, and scheduled a final fairness hearing on it for February 18, 2010. Class members have until January 28, 2010, to opt into, opt out of, or object to the revised agreement. The court will consider any objections, as well as conduct an independent review of the proposed agreement, in determining whether to grant final approval.” The Google Library Project: Is Digitization for Purposes of Online Indexing Fair Use Under Copyright Law? LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE : Manuel, Kate M., Legislative Attorney, 27 Nov 2009 The Google Library Project: Is Digitization for Purposes of Online Indexing Fair Use Under Copyright Law?

24. “Google’s policy is to respond to all notices of alleged copyright infringement that comply with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.” Act

25. …so stay tuned!