1. ENGR 101/HUM 200: Technology and Society December 1, 2005

2. Agenda The Diamond Age wrap-up Lecture: Copyleft, Open Source Software, Computer Games

3. Free Culture Innovation and piracy –Record industry as a kind of piracy (p. 55) Necessity of paying for the score or for public performance What about using a recording device to record from memory in your home? “Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights it. Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls and deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher without any regard for [their] rights.” Senator Alfred Kittredge

4. Compulsory/statutory licenses –Key terms set by law –“covers” Music vs. written works (Beatles v. Grisham) Radio pays composer not recording artist Cable tv –Didn’t pay broadcasters for content they carried, even when they charged

5. Pathways to Commercialization Technology innovations are separate from an economic profit model First one hundred years of the US, America did not honor foreign copyrights

6. Complexities of Piracy Download instead of purchase –Industry claims CD sales declined, but 20% fewer CDs released since 1999; 803 million sold, 2.1 billion downloaded Download to sample Download for sharing –Stuff that is no longer available: publisher or distributor decides no economic gain to making it available. Copyright holder doesn’t profit: analogue to used books stores Access content not copyrighted or that owner wants to make freely available

7. Overkill? Banning or declaring illegal the technologies that enable one type of online sharing (downloading instead of buying) also make it impossible for other kinds of sharing to take place Napster was able to block 99.4% of “illegal” activity. Not enough. District court said they needed 100%. What about VCRs, photocopiers, guns?

8. Copyleft/Open Source Open to all and open to modification Ensuring the derivatives of a work remain freely accessible

9. Games »(games?)

11. Play?

12. Defining the Field What Are Games? –Genres and Platforms Who Plays Games? –Genre, Frequency and Duration Why Study Games? –Localization, Community, Media Consumption, Serious Games

13. Game Genres Casual games –Card games –Puzzle games –Word games First-person shooters Real-time strategy Sim games Story games Multi-player role playing games Sports games Fighting games Educational games Advergames Alternative reality games (ARGs) Serious games

14. Card Games

15. Puzzle Games

16. Word Games

17. Casual Games Redefine “Gamer” and “Gaming” Greater numbers of women players Tied to portal development Instrumental to growth of advergames Easily adaptable to mobile devices and other small screen environments Gaming as multitasking: new patterns for growth of gaming? “Interruptible space”

18. Educational Games

19. Education Math Blaster Oregon Trail

20. Simulation Games

21. Real-time Strategy Games

22. Using Games to Teach “Educational” games vs. Commercial games (COTS) Bloom’s taxonomy and games Fun educational games The ideology of games and impact on classroom integration of COTS RTS and national identity issues

23. Fighting Games

24. First-person Shooters

25. Interface and FPS, Fighting Task-oriented screens Time-sensitive Immersive All information must be on screen FPS: real-time chat integrated Novel documentation and information display techniques

26. Avatars and Representation Race and Ethnicity Gender Age Customizable First- vs. third-person point of view Issues similar to RPGs

27. Localization First-level localization (User interface issues) Second-level localization (Legal and cultural issues) –Return to Castle Wolfenstein example –Color of blood –Level of violence –Acceptable iconography or historical representations –Blending?

28. Racing Games

29. The Question of Realism Immersion and presence Representational approaches

30. Narrative Games

31. Role-playing Games

32. Immersive Worlds Games as stories (literature?) Social interaction and RPGs Avatars (politics of representation; T.L. Taylor) Online communities (offline versions, too!) Blurring of real and virtual boundaries Economics of virtual worlds (Playmoney/Ultima Online; EQ and Ebay; Second Life)

33. Arcade Games

34. Dance Games

35. Games as Part of Social Space Game arcades as standalone social spaces Dance games as school physical education activity Health issues

36. Alternative Reality Games

37. ARGs and the NBT Majestic, The Beast, I Love Bees (examples) Blurring of real and virtual space (RPGs) Subjectivity and identity issues Power and control of/over technology Convergence Mobile gaming

38. Sports Games

39. Fantasy Sports Leagues Online games echo social interaction and cultural engagement of fantasy sports leagues Not an isolating activity

40. More Genres… Advergames Serious Games: –www.seriousgames.orgwww.seriousgames.org –www.gamesforhealth.orgwww.gamesforhealth.org –www.seriousgames.org/gamesforchange

41. Game Platforms

42. Place Matters Geography determines play interactions Audience construction hinges in part on where games can be played Community or individual activity Domestic sphere or public sphere

43. Who Plays Games? 34% under 18 years (2004) 46% 18-50 years (2004) 17% 50+ (2004) 59% male (2004) 39% female (2004) 54% games rated E (2003) 31% games rated T (2003) 12% games rated M (2003)

44. Why Study Games? Localization (Blending) Community formation and player interaction Serious games (Games4D) Games and media ecology

45. Resources www.watercoolergames.org www.gamestudies.org terranova.blogs.com www.game-research.com www.digra.org