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1 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Examples Using the OWL Camera Ontology Roger L. Costello David B. Jacobs The MITRE.

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1 1 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Examples Using the OWL Camera Ontology Roger L. Costello David B. Jacobs The MITRE Corporation (The creation of this tutorial was sponsored by DARPA)

2 2 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Example 1: Bridging the Terminology Gap using OWL A key problem in achieving interoperability is to be able to recognize that two pieces of data are talking about the same thing, even though different terminology is being used. The following slides presents an example to show how OWL may be used to bridge the "terminology gap".

3 3 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Interested in Purchasing a Camera Query: "I am interested in purchasing a camera with a 75-300mm zoom lens, that has an aperture of 4.5-5.6, and a shutter speed that ranges from 1/500 sec. to 1.0 sec." This query can be expressed in XML as: <Camera xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds Thus, the query may be recast as: "Find all XML documents which overlap with the above XML document."

4 4 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Is this document relevant? <PhotographyStore rdf:ID="Hunts" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> Malden, MA 617-555-1234 <SLR rdf:ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds 325 USD A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The Bot finds this document at a Web site: Is this document relevant? (Note: SLR = Single Lens Reflex)

5 5 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. A Match? Match? To determine if there is a match, these questions must be answered: 1. What's the relationship between "SLR" and "Camera"? 2. What's the relationship between "focal-length" and "size"? 3. What's the relationship between "f-stop" and "aperture"? <PhotographyStore rdf:ID="Hunts" xmlns:rdf="&rdf;#"> Malden, MA 617-555-1234 <SLR rdf:ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds 325 USD <Camera xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds

6 6 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Relationship? <SLR rdf:ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds 325 USD <Camera xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds

7 7 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Relationship between SLR and Camera? This OWL statement (from the Camera Ontology) tells the Web Bot that a SLR is a type of Camera: Camera SLR Large-Format Digital

8 8 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Relationship between focal-length and lens size? This OWL statement tells the Web Bot that focal-length is equivalent to lens size: "focal-length is synonymous with (lens) size"

9 9 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Relationship between f-stop and aperture? This OWL statement tells the Web Bot that f-stop is equivalent to aperture: The Web Bot now recognizes that the XML document it found at the Web site - is talking about Cameras, and it - does show the lens size, and it - does show the aperture for the camera. Thus, the Web Bot has determined that this Olympus OM-10 SLR instance is a match for the query! "f-stop is synonymous with aperture"

10 10 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Example 2: Is the Camera a SLR? In the last example the query was for a Camera. The Web document contained information about a SLR. The Camera Ontology showed that a SLR is a Camera. This example is the reverse. The query is for a SLR. The Web document contains information about a Camera. Is the Camera a SLR? Again, the Camera Ontology comes to the rescue.

11 11 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Interested in Purchasing a SLR Query: "I am interested in purchasing a SLR with a 75-300mm zoom lens, that has an aperture of 4.5-5.6, and a shutter speed that ranges from 1/500 sec. to 1.0 sec." This query can be expressed in XML as: Thus, the query may be recast as: "Find all XML documents which overlap with the above XML document." <SLR xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds

12 12 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Is this document relevant? <PhotographyStore rdf:ID="Hunts" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> Malden, MA 617-555-1234 <Camera rdf:ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds 325 USD A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The Bot finds this document at a Web site: Is this document relevant?

13 13 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. A Match? To determine if there is a match, these questions must be answered: 1. What's the relationship between "SLR" and "Camera"? 2. What's the relationship between "focal-length" and "size"? 3. What's the relationship between "f-stop" and "aperture"? <PhotographyStore rdf:ID="Hunts" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> Malden, MA 617-555-1234 <Camera rdf:ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds 325 USD <SLR xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds Match?

14 14 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Relationship? <Camera rdf:ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds 325 USD <SLR xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 0.002 1.0 seconds

15 15 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. SLRs are characterized by a view finder that is "through the lens" While all Cameras have a viewFinder, a SLR has a viewFinder whose value is restricted to "ThroughTheLens". Camera SLR Large-FormatDigital Properties: lens: Lens body: Body viewFinder: Viewer Properties: viewFinder: hasValue= #ThroughTheLens (SLR is characterized by a viewFinder that is through the lens)

16 16 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Relationship between SLR and Camera? This OWL statement (from the Camera Ontology) tells the Web Bot that SLRs are precisely those Cameras which have a "ThroughTheLens" viewFinder: Since the XML document has a viewFinder property with the value 'ThroughTheLens' we can infer that: The Olympus-OM-10 is a SLR! The previous example showed the OWL statements which indicated that f-stop is equivalent to aperture, and focal-length is equivalent to aperture. Therefore, the XML document is a match!

17 17 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Summary: Interoperability despite terminology differences! The previous two examples demonstrated how a Web Bot was able to dynamically process an XML document from a Web site, despite the fact that the XML document used terminology different than was used to express the query. This interoperability was achieved through the use of the OWL Camera Ontology!

18 18 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Example 3: Recognizing that Data is NOT Relevant The previous examples discussed the importance of recognizing that two pieces of data are talking about the same thing. There are many occasions where it is important to recognize that a piece of data is NOT relevant. The following slides extends the camera example to demonstrate how the Camera Ontology may be used to determine that a piece of data is not relevant.

19 19 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Same Query as Before Query: "I am interested in purchasing a camera with a 75-300mm zoom lens, that has an aperture of 4.5-5.6, and a shutter speed that ranges from 1/500 sec. to 1.0 sec."

20 20 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Is this document relevant? <PhotographyStore rdf:ID="RJs-SpecialtyCameras" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> Boston, MA 617-555-4321 <Large-Format rdf:ID="AnselAdams-LF4x5" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#">... A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The Bot finds this document at a Web site: By consulting the Camera Ontology, the Web Bot can immediately dismiss this document, without even examining the contents of. The next slides show how.

21 21 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Camera Ontology (updated) This class hierarchy shows that Large-Format is a type of Camera which has a body with a non-adjustable shutter-speed: Camera SLR Large-FormatDigital Properties: lens: Lens body: Body viewFinder: Viewer Properties: viewFinder: hasValue= #ThroughTheLens (SLR is characterized by a viewFinder that is through the lens) Properties: body: allValuesFrom BodyWithNonAdjustableShutterSpeed (i.e., no shutter-speed adjusting on LF cameras)

22 22 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. No Match! These two OWL statements tells the Web Bot that, while a Large-Format is a type of Camera, its shutter-speed cannot be adjusted. Thus, the XML document is not a match: 0

23 23 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Quickly Recognizing Irrelevant Data The previous three examples covered opposite ends of the spectrum: –recognizing when data is relevant –recognizing when data is NOT relevant. With all cases, it was the (Camera) Ontology which provided the information needed to make the assessment of relevance.

24 24 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Example 4: Distributed Knowledge Representation A critical capability required for operating in today's information overload is the ability to aggregate (bring together) information from disparate sources into a unified, coherent form. The example on the following slides shows how a Web Bot can aggregate Camera data from multiple Web sites.

25 25 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. I want a Camera for under $500 Query: "I am interested in purchasing a camera with a 75-300mm zoom lens, that has an aperture of 4.5-5.6, and a shutter speed that ranges from 1/500 sec. to 1.0 sec. I want to spend under $500 USD."

26 26 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Olympus-Retail-Outlet-Store Sells Camera Body/Lens Separately <Body rdf:about="http://www.olympus.com#Olympus-OM-10-body" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 325 USD <Lens rdf:about="http://www.olympus.com#EX38" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 295 USD A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The Bot finds this document at a Web site: This document references an Olympus-OM-10-body resource, and an EX38 resource. The Olympus-OM-10-body is listed as costing $345 USD. The EX38 is listed as being compatibleWith the Olympus-OM-10-body, and costs $295 USD. The Web Bot is unable to determine if this information is relevant until it processes the two referenced resources. The Web Bot stores this document away for later processing...

27 27 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Olympus Corporation has the referenced Camera Body and Lens <OlympusCorporation xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xml:base="http://www.olympus.com"> <Body rdf:ID="Olympus-OM-10-body" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 0.002 1.0 seconds <Lens rdf:ID="EX38" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 The Web Bot finds the referenced resources at the Olympus Corp's Web site: Note: the complete identifier for Olympus-OM-10-body is the concatenation of the xml:base with '#' and "Olympus-OM-10-body", i.e., http://www.olympus.com#Olympus-OM-10-body Thus, the above document is defining the resource referenced by the Outlet store on the previous slide: Ditto for EX38.

28 28 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. The Two Web Documents The Web Bot can now merge the data from the two Web sites... <Body rdf:about="http://www.olympus.com#Olympus-OM-10-body" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 325 USD <Lens rdf:about="http://www.olympus.com#EX38" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 295 USD <OlympusCorporation xmlns:rdf="&rdf;#" xml:base="http://www.olympus.com"> <Body rdf:ID="Olympus-OM-10-body" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 0.002 1.0 seconds <Lens rdf:ID="EX38" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 Outlet Store Olympus Corp.

29 29 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Aggregating Data: Olympus-OM-10-body 325 USD 0.002 1.0 seconds 0.002 1.0 seconds 325 USD The Web Bot now recognizes that the Outlet store is selling a Camera Body with the desired shutter speed, at a cost of $325 USD.

30 30 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Aggregating Data: EX38 Lens 295 USD 75-300mm zoom 4.5-5.6 75-300mm zoom 4.0-4.5 295 USD The Web Bot now recognizes that the Olympus Outlet store is selling a Camera Lens that is compatible with the Camera body and the Lens has the desired f-stop and focal-length, and the Lens costs $295 USD. Thus, the Web Bot has located a Camera Body, along with a compatible Camera Lens. However, it's too expensive: Total Cost: $325 + $295 = $620 A cheaper Lens needs to be found...

31 31 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Sears has a cheaper, compatible lens! <Lens rdf:ID="Sears-300-Zoom" xmlns="http://www.camera.org#"> 75-300mm zoom 4.0-4.5 145 USD The Web Bot locates a cheaper, compatible lens at the Sears Web site: With this lens the cost of Body plus Lens is: Total Cost: $325 + $145 = $470 This meets the query's request for a Camera which costs under $500 USD!

32 32 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Aggregating Data to Create Unified, Coherent Information!........................ Web Bot Outlet Store Olympus Corp. Sears

33 33 Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. These Examples are Online! Here is the URL to a pictorial view of the Camera Ontology: http://www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/sld001.htm Here is the URL to the camera.owl document: http://www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/camera.owl Here are the URLs to 7 physical expressions (instance documents): http://www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/Query1.xml http://www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/Hunts.xml http://www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/Query2.xml http://www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/Hunts2.xml http://www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/RJs.xml http://www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/OlympusOutletStore.xml http://www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/OlympusCorp.xml

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