1. Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney
Chapter 7 The Vitamins
Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

2. Definition and Classification of Vitamins
Essential, noncaloric, organic
Role of vitamins
Vitamin precursors
Classes
Absorption
Roles

3. Vitamin Names

4. Characteristics of the Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitamins

5. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A, D, E, and K
Food sources
Storage
Toxicity
Deficiency
Roles within the body

6. Vitamin A Precursor Active forms in the body Food sources
Beta-carotene
Active forms in the body
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid
Food sources

7. Vitamin A Deficiency and Toxicity

8. Vitamin A – Snapshot

9. Beta-Carotene Plant-based foods Macular degeneration
Colorful groups
Macular degeneration
Dietary antioxidant
Measuring beta-carotene
Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)
Toxicity
Food sources

10. Vitamin D Body can synthesize all it needs Transformation
Sunlight
Transformation
Liver and kidneys
Estimated deficiency prevalence

11. Vitamin D Ultraviolet B light rays Sunbathing risks Sunscreen
Cholesterol
Sunbathing risks
Sunscreen
Exposure times
Intake recommendations
Food sources

12. Factors Affecting Vitamin D Synthesis

13. Vitamin D - Snapshot

14. Vitamin E Roles of vitamin E Deficiency Toxicity Recommendations
Antioxidant
Deficiency
Symptoms
Toxicity
Dietary intake vs. supplemental intake
Recommendations
Food source

15. Free-Radical Damage and Antioxidant Protection

16. Vitamin E – Snapshot

17. Vitamin K – Snapshot

18. The Water-Soluble Vitamins
Dissolve in water
Absorption
Transport
Excretion
Sources
Food
Supplements

19. Vitamin C Roles Deficiency symptoms Connective tissues Antioxidant
Collagen
Antioxidant
Protects iron
Prooxidant
Deficiency symptoms
Scurvy

20. Vitamin C – Snapshot

21. The B Vitamins in Unison
Function as part of coenzymes
Combines with enzyme to activate it
Coenzyme shape
Roles in metabolism
Help the body use the energy-yielding nutrients for energy
Cell multiplication

22. Coenzyme Action

23. Some Roles of the B Vitamins in Metabolism: Examples

24. Thiamin Energy metabolism of all cells Nerve cell membranes Deficiency
Beriberi
Alcohol abuse
DRI recommendation
Food sources

25. Thiamin Snapshot

26. Riboflavin Role in energy metabolism of all cells Deficiencies
Examples
Destruction of vitamin
UV light
Irradiation
Heat

27. Riboflavin Snapshot

28. Niacin Participates in energy metabolism Deficiency Toxicity Pellagra
Physician administration
“Niacin flush”

29. Niacin Snapshot

30. Folate Helps synthesize DNA Deficiency Interaction with medications
Normal metabolism of several amino acids
Deficiency
Causes
Outcomes of deficiency
Anemia, diminished Immunity, abnormal digestive function
Cancer risk
Interaction with medications

31. Folate Snapshot

32. Vitamin B12 Closely related to folate
Helps maintain sheaths around nerve fibers
Deficiency
May be masked by folic acid intake
Pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12 absorption
Intrinsic factor
Food sources

33. Vitamin B12 Snapshot

34. Vitamin B6 Snapshot

35. Some Valid Reasons for Taking Supplements

36. Arguments Against Taking Supplements
Food rarely causes nutrient imbalances or toxicities
Toxicity
Supplement contamination
Lift-threatening misinformation
Unknown needs
False sense of security
Whole foods are best