1. WXES2106 Network Technology Semester 1 2004/2005
Chapter 3
Ethernet
CCNA1: Module 6, 7 and 8

2. Contents Introduction Ethernet Fundamentals Ethernet Operation
Legacy Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet Switching
Collision Domains
Broadcast Domains

3. Introduction Ethernet is now the dominant LAN technology in the world
Ethernet specifications support different media, bandwidths, and other Layer 1 and 2 variations
The success of Ethernet is due to the following factors:
Simplicity and ease of maintenance
Ability to incorporate new technologies
Reliability
Low cost of installation and upgrade

4. Introduction
Ethernet is a family of networking technologies that includes Legacy, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet.
Ethernet speeds can be 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000 Mbps.
IEEE standard for Ethernet is 802.3
Ethernet relies on baseband signaling, which uses the entire bandwidth of the transmission medium.
In 1980s, IEEE announced a standard for 10-Mbps.
In 1995, IEEE announced a standard for a 100-Mbps.
In 1998, IEEE announced a standard for a 1-Gbps

5. Introduction

6. Ethernet Fundamental
Ethernet operates in two areas of the OSI model, the lower half of the data link layer, known as the MAC sub layer and the physical layer
To move data between one Ethernet station and another, the data often passes through a repeater
Stations separated by repeaters are within the same collision domain. Stations separated by bridges or routers are in different collision domains.
Ethernet at Layer 1 involves interfacing with media, signals, bit streams that travel on the media, components that put signals on media, and various topologies.

7. Ethernet Fundamental
Data link sub layers contribute significantly to technology compatibility and computer communication.
The MAC sub layer is concerned with the physical components that will be used to communicate the information.
The Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer communicate with the upper level layers

8. Ethernet Fundamental
Ethernet uses MAC addresses that are 48 bits in length and expressed as twelve hexadecimal digits
MAC referred to as burned-in addresses (BIA) because they are burned into read-only memory (ROM)
On an Ethernet network, when one device sends data it can open a communication pathway to the other device by using the destination MAC address

9. Ethernet Fundamental
Source device attaches a header with destination MAC address. As this data propagates along the network media, the NIC in each device on the network checks to see if the MAC address matches the physical destination address carried by the data frame.
When the data reaches the destination node, the NIC makes a copy and passes the frame up the OSI layers.
On an Ethernet network, all nodes must examine the MAC header even if the communicating nodes are side by side.

10. Ethernet Fundamental Framing is the Layer 2 encapsulation process.
A frame is the Layer 2 protocol data unit.
A single generic frame has sections called fields, and each field is composed of bytes. The names of the fields are as follows:
Start frame field
Address field
Length / type field
Data field
Frame check sequence field

11. Ethernet Fundamental

12. Ethernet Fundamental
The reason for sending frames is to get upper layer data, ultimately the user application data, from the source to the destination.
Data package has two parts, the user application data and the encapsulated bytes to be sent to the destination computer.
There are three primary ways to calculate the Frame Check Sequence number:
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
Two-dimensional parity
Internet checksum

13. Ethernet Fundamental
IEEE Ethernet

14. Ethernet Operation Media Access Control
Protocols that determine which computer on a shared-medium environment, or collision domain, is allowed to transmit the data.
Two broad categories
Deterministic (Taking turns)
Token Ring
FDDI
Non-deterministic (First come, first served)
CSMA/CD

15. Ethernet Operation Token Ring
Individual hosts are arranged in a ring and a special data token travels around the ring to each host in sequence.
When a host wants to transmit, it seizes the token, transmits the data for a limited time, and then forwards the token to the next host in the ring.
Token Ring is a collisionless environment as only one host is able to transmit at any given time.

16. Ethernet Operation Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Specifying a 100-Mbps token-passing network using fiber-optic cable, with transmission distances of up to 2 km.
FDDI uses a dual-ring architecture to provide redundancy.

17. Ethernet Operation Ethernet Logical bus topology
Physical star or extended star
Token Ring
Logical ring topology
Physical star topology
FDDI
Physical dual-ring topology

18. Ethernet Operation
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Three functions
Transmitting and receiving data packets
Decoding data packets and checking them for valid addresses before passing them to the upper layers of the OSI model
Detecting errors within data packets or on the network
Devices ready to transmit data first check the channel for a carrier. If no carrier is sensed for a specific period of time, a device can transmit.

19. Ethernet Operation
If two devices transmit at once, a collision occurs and is detected by all colliding devices.
This collision subsequently delays retransmissions from those devices for some random length of time
After completing data transmission the device will return to listening mode.

20. Ethernet Operation
CSMA/CD Process

21. Ethernet Operation Full Duplex
The station may send and receive simultaneously and collisions should not occur.
Changes the timing considerations and eliminates the concept of slot time.
Allows for larger network architecture designs
Half Duplex
Sending station will transmit 64 bits of timing synchronization information that is known as the preamble.
It will then transmit the rest of the frame.

22. Ethernet Operation Slot Time
It is calculated assuming maximum cable lengths on the largest legal network architecture.
It only applies to half duplex Ethernet link

23. Ethernet Operation Interframe Spacing
The minimum spacing between two non-colliding frames

24. Ethernet Operation
The most common error condition on an Ethernet is the collision.
Collisions result in network bandwidth loss that is equal to the initial transmission and the collision jam signal.
A single collision is a collision that was detected while trying to transmit a frame
Multiple collisions indicate that the same frame collided repeatedly before being successfully transmitted.
Three types of collisions are:
Local
Remote
Late

25. Ethernet Operation Local Collision
A collision where a station detects a signal on the RX pair at the same time it is sending on the TX pair.
Remote Collision
A collision where a frame that is less than the minimum length, has an invalid FCS checksum
Late Collision
A collision occurs after the first 64 octets of data has been transmitted by the sending stations.

26. Ethernet Operation Ethernet Error Collision or runt Late collision
Jabber, long frame and range errors
Short frame, collision fragment or runt
FCS error
Alignment error
Range error
Ghost or jabber

27. Transmission Priority Rank
Ethernet Operation
Auto-Negotiation automatically configures an interface to match the speed and capabilities of its link partner.
It defines how two link partners may automatically negotiate a configuration offering the best common performance level.
Transmission Priority Rank

28. Legacy Ethernet 10BASE5, 10BASE2, and 10BASE-T Common features
Timing parameters
Frame format
Transmission process
Basic design rule
Operates within the timing limits offered by a series of not more than five segments separated by no more than four repeaters.
No more than three populated segments between any two distant stations

29. Legacy Ethernet

30. Legacy Ethernet 10BASE5 Transmitted 10 Mbps
Use thick coaxial cable, also known as thicknet
Bus topology
Uses Manchester encoding
Half duplex only
Maximum length 500 metres

31. Legacy Ethernet 10BASE2 Transmitted 10 Mbps
Use thin coaxial cable, also known as thinnet
Bus topology
Uses Manchester encoding
Half duplex only
Maximum length 185 metres
Easier to install

32. Legacy Ethernet 10BASET Transmitted 10 Mbps in half-duplex mode
Transmitted 20 Mbps in full-duplex mode
Use UTP cable
Star topology
Uses Manchester encoding
Maximum length 100 metres
Cheap easy installation

33. Fast Ethernet 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX Common features Timing parameters
Frame format
Parts of transmission process
Generally consist of a connection between a station and a hub or switch

34. Fast Ethernet

35. Fast Ethernet
100BASE-TX
Carries 100 Mbps of traffic in half-duplex mode
Carries 200 Mbps of traffic in full-duplex mode
Use Cat 5 UTP cable
Extended Star topology
Uses 4B/5B encoding
Unrepeated distance up to 100 metres
Switches more commonly used than hubs

36. Fast Ethernet
100BASE-FX
Carries 100 Mbps of traffic in half-duplex mode
Carries 200 Mbps of traffic in full-duplex mode
Uses multimode fiber optic cable
Extended Star topology
Uses 4B/5B encoding

37. Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-TX, 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX IEEE 802.3z
Common features
Timing parameters
Frame format
Data transmission is made more efficient by using codes to represent the binary bit stream.
The frame is coded into control symbols and data symbols to increase in network throughput.

38. Gigabit Ethernet

39. Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T IEEE 802.3ab
Uses CAT 5E Twisted pair cable
Capable of full duplex operation on all four pairs to create max speed of 1Gbps
Uses 4D-PAM5 Encoding scheme
Max 100 Meters distance
Supports both half-duplex as well as full-duplex operation

40. Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-SX Multimode Fiber optic medium
Inherently full duplex operation
8B/10B NRZ Encoding
Much longer max distances
Preferred backbone technology
1Gbps max speed

41. Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-LX Single mode Fiber optic medium
Inherently full duplex operation
8B/10B NRZ Encoding
Max distance up to 5000 Meters
Preferred backbone technology
1Gbps max speed

42. Gigabit Ethernet

43. Gigabit Ethernet 10-Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3ae 10 Gbps Max speed
Full duplex operation
Fiber Optic cable
Used for LAN’s MAN’s and WAN’s
Max distances of up to 40km
Single-mode fiber and compatibility with synchronous optical network (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks

44. Gigabit Ethernet 10GBASE-SR Short distances multimode fiber
Range between 26 m to 82 m
10GBASE-LX4
Uses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
Single-mode fiber
Supports 240 m to 300 m
10GBASE-LR and 10GBASE-ER
Support 10 km and 40 km
10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW, and 10GBASE-EW
Work with OC-192 synchronous transport module (STM) SONET/SDH WAN equipment

45. Ethernet Switching
Ethernet is a shared media, which means only one node can transmit data at a time.
The addition of more nodes increases the demands on the available bandwidth and places additional loads on the media.
Bridging was developed to help ease performance problems that arose from increased collisions.
Bridge keeps a table of MAC addresses and the associated ports. The bridge then forwards or discards frames based on the table entries.

46. Ethernet Switching

47. Ethernet Switching
All decisions made by a bridge are based on MAC or Layer 2 addressing and do not affect the logical or Layer 3 addressing.
A bridge will create more collision domains but will not add broadcast domains.

48. Ethernet Switching A switch is essentially a fast, multi-port bridge
A switch dynamically builds and maintains a Content-Addressable Memory (CAM) table, holding all of the necessary MAC information for each port
Using CAM allows a switch to directly find the port that is associated with a MAC address without using search algorithms.

49. Ethernet Switching
Latency is the delay between the time a frame first starts to leave the source device and the time the first part of the frame reaches its destination.
Media delays
Caused by the finite speed
Circuit delays
Caused by the electronics
Software delays
Caused by the decisions that software must make to implement switching and protocols.
Delays
Caused by the content of the frame

50. Ethernet Switching Cut-through switching
A switch can start to transfer the frame as soon as the destination MAC address is received.
Store-and-forward switching
The switch can receive the entire frame before sending it out the destination port. This gives the switch software an opportunity to verify the frame check sum (FCS). It must be used for asynchronous switching. 
Asymmetric switching
Provides switched connections between ports of unlike bandwidths

51. Ethernet Switching Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP)
To resolve and shut down the redundant paths
Switching loops can lead to broadcast storms that will rapidly overwhelm a network.
Each switch in a LAN using STP sends special messages called Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) out all its ports to let other switches know of its existence and to elect a root bridge for the network.

52. Collisions Domain
Collision domains are the connected physical network segments where collisions can occur.
Every time a collision happens on a network, all transmission stops for a period of time.
Adding layer 1 devices extend collision domains
rule
Five segments of network media
Four repeaters or hubs
Three host segments of the network
Two link sections (no hosts)
One large collision domain

53. Collisions Domain Layer 2 devices segment or divide collision domains.
Segmentation makes networks more efficient and allow data to be transmitted on different segments of the LAN at the same time without the frames colliding.
Layer 3 devices, like Layer 2 devices, do not forward collisions

54. Collisions Domain

55. Broadcast Domain
To communicate with all collision domains, protocols use broadcast and multicast frames at Layer 2 of the OSI model.
It sends a broadcast frame with a destination MAC address 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF
Layer 2 devices must flood all broadcast and multicast traffic
The three sources of broadcasts and multicasts in IP networks are workstations, routers, and multicast applications.
Broadcast storm
The circulation of broadcast radiation that saturate the network

56. Broadcast Domain
Workstations broadcast an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request every time they need to locate a MAC address that is not in the ARP table.
The routing protocols that are configured on a network can increase broadcast traffic significantly.
Every 30 seconds, RIPv1 uses broadcasts to retransmit the entire RIP routing table to other RIP routers.
A broadcast domain is a grouping of collision domains that are connected by Layer 2 devices.
Broadcasts have to be controlled at Layer 3 because routers do not forward broadcasts. 

57. Broadcast Domain
Any segments connected by Layer 1 devices are part of the same domain, both collision and broadcast.
A Layer 2 device creates multiple collision domains but maintains only one broadcast domain.
A Layer 3 device creates multiple collision and broadcast domains.
Network Segment
Section of a network that is bounded by bridges, routers, or switches.
In a LAN, a segment often connected to other segments with repeaters
In TCP, it is used to describe a single transport layer unit of information.

58. Broadcast Domain