1. A Bifurcation Analysis of a Differential Equations Model for Mutualism Bruce Peckham Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Minnesota Duluth Collaborators : Wendy Gruner Graves Rainy River Community College John Pastor Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth

2. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.2 Abbreviated History of 2-species Mutualism Models 1978 Vandermeer and Boucher, J. Theor. Biol. Description of different dynamics for Lotka-Volterra (LV) model –Weak mutualism: populations survive at slightly higher populations than on their own –Strong mutualism: threshold for obligate models, but unbounded growth; “bend” isoclines to prevent unbounded growth. 1983 A. Dean Limited Carrying Capacity (LCC) model –Weak: same as LV –Strong: singularity when either species is obligate 2004 The limited growth rate (LGR) model –Weak mutualism: same as LV –Strong mutualism: threshold for obligate models, but no unbounded growth –Allows for smooth transitions between facultative and obligate

3. 3 3 models LV LCC LGR where

4. 4 (Fac-fac) LV Mutualism interaction: None -> Weak -> Strong No interaction x y 0 1 3 2 x y 0 1 3 2 Weak interaction x y 0 1 3 2 Strong interaction. Bad model behavior.

5. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.5 Prey-Predator Predator-Prey Competition with competetive exclusion Competition with stable coexistence Weak mutualism Strong mutualism a 1 a 2 =b 1 b 2 b1b1 b2b2 LV “Interaction Space”

6. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.6 New Limited Growth Rate (LGR) Model Derivation A1: The logistic assumption: Each species behaves according to the logistic model. A2: The growth rate assumption: Each species affects the other species’ per capita growth rate, but not its self limitation. A1 and A2 imply:

7. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.7 A3: The mutualism assumption: The increase in each species cannot harm the other species. A4: The limited benefit assumption: There is a maximum per capita growth rate attainable for each species. A5: The proportional benefit assumption: The marginal rate of change of the per capita growth rate of each species due to the increase of the other species is proportional to the difference between the maximum growth rate and the current growth rate. R 1 ’(y)=k 1 (r 11 – R 1 (y)) and R 2 ’(x)=k 2 (r 21 – R 2 (x)) Intro DE Class !! A4 and A5 imply: LGR Model Derivation (continued)

8. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.8 Solve: A3 implies r 11 >r 10, and r 21 >r 20. Resulting “Limited per capita growth rate” model: LGR Model Derivation (continued)

9. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.9 Nullcline comparison: LV vs. LGR LV: LG: Sketch (strong interaction and r 10 =0=r 20 ): x y x y

10. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.10 Local reduction of LGR to LV Expand exponential terms in a power series, …. Get LV + h.o.t. Start with LGR:

11. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.11 Weak mutualism: LV vs. LGR

12. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.12 Strong mutualism: LV vs.LGR 1->2 LV: LGR:

13. 13 i ii iii ivv vi viii ix LG Strong mutualism phase portraits vii 0-2 tc 2-3 tc 1->2 Het 3-Hopf 1-3 tc 0-1 tc 3-4 Saddle- node 0-1 tc

14. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.14 1-3 Transcritical Bifurcation V: Fac-obl coexistence w/o thresholdVi: Fac-obl coexistence w/o threshold

15. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.15 3-4 Saddle-node Bifurcation vii: obl-obl coexistence with threshold Viii: Extinction

16. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.16 Mutualism in Nature Nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plants –Example: Lichens - Cyanobacteria with fungus Each enhances the other’s growth rate. –Bacteria produces Nitrogen for fungus –Fungus produces Photosynthate for bacteria Environmental conditions can be adjusted to change between facultative and obligate

17. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.17 Unfinished Work Local unfolding of codimension-3 point: two parameters we used plus one which controls weak vs. strong mutualism Local unfoldings of codimension-two points with special symmetries (x=0 or y=0 invariant) Complete classification of primary parameter space bifurcation diagrams in the “auxiliary” parameter space Validation with experiment??

18. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.18 Summary I The LV model is fine for weak mutualism, but not for strong mutualism. Dean’s model is fine for facultative mutualism, but not for obligate mutualism. The LG model works for weak/strong and facultative/obligate cases. Small chance of obligate-obligate mutualism in nature?

19. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.19 Summary II Model building is an iterative process. Simple models can have interesting behavior “Unrealistic” bifurcations (not in quad 1 of phase space) set up “realistic” bifurcations. Vague analogue of complex #’s. Mathematics is more interesting than real life. Don’t divide by zero.

20. A Bifurcation Analysis of a Differential Equations Model for Mutualism Bruce Peckham Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Minnesota Duluth Collaborators : Wendy Gruner Graves Rainy River Community College John Pastor Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth

21. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.21

22. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.22 The 1D logistic equation Phase Portraits: x 0 r/a x 0 r = b – d > 0: survival R = b - d < 0: extinction

23. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.23 The 2D Lotka-Volterra Model Competition, Predator-Prey, Mutualism

24. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.24 No interaction: b 1 =0=b 2. Equations decoupled. Phase portrait: –Nullclines, 4 equilibria, attracting, repelling, 2 saddles with (un)stable manifolds, no periodic orbits x y 01 3 2

25. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.25 Weak LV Mutualism: a 1 a 2 >b 1 b 2

26. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.26 i to ii: 0-2 transcritical ii to iii: 1-3 transcritical iii to iv: 2-3 transcritical iv to v: 0-1 transcritical iii Weak LV Mutualism : a 1 a 2 >b 1 b 2 viviii

27. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.27 viii v i Skip???

28. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.28 Strong LV Mutualism: a 1 a 2 <b 1 b 2

29. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.29 vvi iva iiib i ii 0-2 tc 2-3 tc 1-3 tc ‘Hopf’ and Heteroclinic 0-1 tc Strong LV Mutualism: a 1 a 2 <b 1 b 2

30. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.30 What went wrong with the Dean Model?? A simple analogy of a singularity from the 1D logistic DE: Phase Portraits: r>0, a>0 x 0k x 0 k k>0: survival k<0: extinction????

31. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.31 Dean’s Model Singularities:

32. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.32 Corrected Dean Phase Portrait Original Corrected

33. B. Peckham 2005 SIAM D.S.33 Mutualism with limited per capita growth rate: Preview of new model. Details later. Complicated-looking growth rate term.