1. Developing GIS indicators and metrics David Theobald Natural Resource Ecology Lab Colorado State University

2. Goals of indicator development Develop and evaluate landscape-level indicators suitable for spatial and temporal analyses of EMAP data Investigate limitations of currently- available data and offer new, robust methodologies

3. Current effort 1. Linkage between watershed and hydrologic networks 2. Refine surrogates with direct measures of area and discharge 3. GIS-based tools a.RWTools for ArcView b.Catchment delineation & discharge in ArcGIS

4. 1. Watershed–hydrological network linkage “…in every respect, the valley rules the stream.” – Hynes 1975 Indirect measures based on hydrological properties (e.g., Strahler order, drainage density, etc.)

5. Distance: As the crow flies (Euclidean)

6. Distance: As the crow flies As the seed floats (downstream)

7. Distance: As the crow flies As the seed floats As the fish swims (down & up stream)

8. Distance: As the crow flies As the seed floats As the fish swims (down & up stream) Upstream length - mainstem (2) - arbolate (1+2+3+4)

9. Distance: As the crow flies As the seed floats As the fish swims Upstream length Network (dams, fragmentation)

10. What indicators measure watershed-stream linkage? Length of stream line –Dam alteration of flow at a downstream gauge? RWTools extension (ArcView v3.2)

11. Upstream 66 km Downstream 298 km Mainstem Upstream 37 km Network 16 km (down) 6 km (up)

12. 2. Direct measures of discharge Surrogates developed, e.g. Strahler order: The usefulness of stream order assumes, with a sufficiently large sample, that order is proportional to stream discharge – Strahler 1957 Alternatives: -basin area -discharge

13. Delineate reach catchments Robust method (no pre-processing) 1 to 1 relationship NHD reach and catchment “Grow” watershed from reach line based on flow direction iteratively

16. Stream discharge Precipitation D = C * P

17. 10 acft 8 acft 20 acft

19. R 2 =0.7282 P-value=3.407e-006

20. Stream discharge Encouraging preliminary results Additional factors (Infiltration, E.T.): –Geology –Land cover –Exposure D = f(C, G, L, E)

21. 3. GIS-based tools Interactive query and analysis of watersheds (RWTools) (ArcView v3.2) ArcGIS Geometric network

22. Plans for next year Initial release of GIS tools: –RWTools for ArcGIS –Functional-based spatial weights

23. Spatial weights 11 2 3 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 W =

24. Functional weighting 1 1 2 3 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0.2 0.8 0 0.2 0.8 0 0 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.2 1.0 0 W = 6 7 E.g., downstream hydrology

25. Functional weighting 1 1 2 3 5 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 W = 6 7 E.g., macroinvertebrates

26. Plans for next year Initial release of GIS tools: Perennial/intermittent frame problem in western US Development of network fragmentation indices