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THE ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE Hunter-Gatherers to Agrarians
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Agriculture from Mexico??? Maize (corn) Beans
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Weeds or Healthy Treats? Sumpweed Goosefoot Sunflower Little Barley Erect knotweed Maygrass
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Was it better to be a nomad? Taller Healthier No Disease Greater Age
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HOW???
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Did Agriculture Spread?
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Or Develop Separately in Separate Places?
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“Undisputed” origins of Agriculture
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DOMESTICATION Ancient peoples unintentionally provided the origin of modern plants Natural Selection (the strong shall not survive) Weak plants had difficulty surviving Desires for taste and size
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DOMESTICATION THE BEGINNINGS OF CLONING Propagation of Cuttings Grafting
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Weeds or New Healthy Treats? Rye Oats Turnips Beets Leeks Lettuce
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“Famine Foods” Or “second-line”resources Food not usually consumed on “normal” or prosperous periods
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“Low-level Food Production” A mixture of hunting and gathering and small-scale agriculture
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NECESSITIES Agriculture means that people must remain in the same place to tend crops This means higher birth rates with less recovery times Larger population necessitates greater amounts of food
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MAIZE Arrived from Mexico about 200 AD Not part of the daily diet until 650 – 850 AD Used for religious and ceremonial purposes Mississippian culture
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ALABAMA?! The oldest kernel of corn from the Eastern Woodlands was found near Lake Shelby in Southern Alabama
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OLD, or GOLD??? Some maize kernels found have been dated to over 4,000 years ago. In 1999, Archaeologists from UCBerkeley and the University of NM found a corn kernel in Arizona that dates to 3,690 years old New radio-carbon dating methods
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SOURCES Gremillion, Kristen J, “Seed Processing and the Origins of Food production in North America”, American Antiquity, v. 69, n. 2, 2004, pp. 215-233 http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/lifewa ys/hg_ag/quiet_revolution.htmlhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/lifewa ys/hg_ag/quiet_revolution.html http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC12/Gilman3.htm http://www.primalseeds.org/agricult/htm http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/99legacy/2- 17-1999.htmlhttp://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/99legacy/2- 17-1999.html
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