1. L and D isomers of amino acids

2. Ionization state as a function of pH

5. Trans and cis Peptide bonds Trans and cis X-Pro Peptide bonds

6. Rotation about bonds in a polypeptide

7. Ramachandran diagram

8.  helix

9. Ferritin, an iron-storage protein

10. Antiparallel  -sheet

11. A parallel  -sheet

12. A fatty acid-binding protein

13. A leucine-zipper

14. Collagen triple helix

15. Collagen helix

16. Hemoglobin

17. Many sequences can adopt alternative conformations in different proteins.

18. Misfolding and aggregation Neurological diseases can be transmitted purely by proteins Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, Scrapie in sheep (Nobel prize in Physiology 1997)

19. Prion diseases Transmissible agent consists of aggregated forms of a specific protein. The protein aggregates are resistant to treatment with agents that degrade most proteins The protein is lagely or completely derived from a cellular protein, called PrP, that is normally present in brain

20. Prion aggregation

21. A structure of amyloid fibers

22. Ribose and deoxyribose

24. Backbones of DNA and RNA

29. The human genome 3 billion nucleotides 24 different chromosomes Indian muntjak, 3 chromosomes

30. A prokaryotic and an eukaryotic cell

31. Gene expression