1. Modern Concurrency Abstractions for C# Advanced Software Tools Seminar December, 2004 presented by: Guy Gueta

2. Agenda Concurrency Concurrency and Languages Asynchronous Programming C# and.NET Polyphonic C#ExamplesPerformance

3. Concurrency Concurrency is widely used in modern code It is very difficult to write/debug concurrent programs

4. Concurrency Can affect the ability to invoke libraries strtok(….) / Rand() & SRand(….) Can significantly affect the meaning of virtually every construct in the language X++ ; X = Y ; Most popular programming languages treat concurrency not as a language feature, but as a collection of external libraries

5. Language Features / Libraries Many features can be provided either as language features or as libraries –Memory management –Exceptions –Locks The compiler can analyze language features –Can produce better code (e.g. local new) –Can warn programmers of potential and actual problems. Polyphonic C#

6. Example: Monitor The concept of monitors [Hoare 1974] The general notion of monitors has become very popular public synchronized void Add(int v) { // body } public synchronized int Get(int v) { // body } wait()/notify()

7. Asynchronous Programming Asynchronous events and message passing are increasingly used at all levels of software systems e.g. Distributed Applications/components, GUI, Device Drivers Many asynchronous messages should be handled concurrently. Many threads are used to handle them Polyphonic C#

8. C# and.NET Modern, type-safe, object-oriented programming language Very similar to Java C# programs run on top of the.NET Framework, which includes a multi- language execution engine and a rich collection of class libraries. – –.NET IL

9. JAVA public class Point { protected int x, y; public Point() { setPoint( 0, 0 ); } public Point( int a, int b ) { setPoint( a, b ); } public void setPoint( int a, int b ) { x = a; y = b; } public int getX() { return x; } public int getY() { return y; } } C# public class Point { protected int x, y; public Point() { setPoint( 0, 0 ); } public Point( int a, int b ) { setPoint( a, b ); } public void setPoint( int a, int b ) { x = a; y = b; } public int getX() { return x; } public int getY() { return y; } }

10. Concurrency in.NET Threads Sync. Event (Semaphore, Mutex) Reader/writer lock Asynchronous programming model based on delegates lock (C#)

11. Polyphonic C# Adds just two new concepts: asynchronous methods and chords

12. Synchronous Methods Regular C# methods The caller makes no progress until the callee completes

13. Asynchronous Method Any call to it is guaranteed to complete essentially immediately Never returns a result (or throws an exception) calling it is much like sending a message, or posting an event declared by using the async keyword instead of void public async postEvent(EventInfo data) { // large method body } Usually defined using chords – do not necessarily require new threads

14. Chord A set of method declarations separated by ‘&’ And a body. public string Foo1() & public async Foo2(string s1) & public async Foo3(string s2) & private async Foo4(string s3) { // Body } At most one method may be synchronous. Return Value type = Synchronous method type

15. Chord public string Foo1() & public async Foo2(string s1) & public async Foo3(string s2) & private async Foo4(string s3) { ….. return myString; } public async Foo1() & public async Foo2(string s1) & public async Foo3(string s2) & private async Foo4(string s3) { ….. } Trivial Chord = Regular method

16. public class Buffer { public string Get() & public async Put(string s) { return s; } } Thread 1 b.Put(“1”); Writeln(b.Get()); b.Put(“4”); Thread 2 Writeln(b.Get()); b.Put(“2”); b.Put(“3”); Writeln(b.Get()); OUTPUT: 1 2 3 4 Chord Put(“1”) Get() Put(“3”)

17. Buffer buff = new Buffer(); buff.Put(“blue”);buff.Put(“sky”);Console.Write(buff.Get());Console.Write(buff.Get()); bluesky skyblue [In a real implementation the nondeterminism may be resolved]

18. Thread safety The chord mechanism is thread safe – –The locking that is required is generated automatically by the compiler – –deciding whether any chord is enabled by a call and, if so, removing the other pending calls from the queues and scheduling the body for execution, is an atomic operation. no monitor-like mutual exclusion between chord bodies Any mutual exclusion that is required must be explicitly programmed in terms of synchronization conditions in chord headers

19. A Simple Cell Class public class OneCell { public OneCell() { empty(); } public void Put(object o) & private async empty() { contains(o); } public object Get() & private async contains(object o) { empty(); return o; }

20. One method in multiple chords It is possible (and common) to have multiple chords involving a given method public class Buffer { public string Get() & public async Put(string s) { return s; } public string Get() & public async Put(int n) { return n.ToString(); } nondeterminism

21. Within a single method-header public void AddOne(ref int a) { a++; } Int x = 7; AddOne(ref x); public void Random(out int a) { a = …. } Int a ; Random(out a); If return-type is async then the formal parameter list formals may not contain any ref or out parameter modifier

22. Within a single chord-declaration At most one method-header may have a non-async return-type If the chord has a method-header with return-type type, then body may use return statements with type expressions, otherwise body may use empty return statements All the formals appearing in method- headers must have distinct identifiers

23. Within a single chord-declaration – cont’ Two method-headers may not have both the same member-name and the same argument type signature The method-headers must either all declare instance methods or all declare static methods

24. Within a particular class All method-headers with the same member-name and argument type signature must have the same return-type and identical sets of modifiers public string Get() & public async Put(string s) { return s; } private int Get() & public async Put(int n) { return n.ToString(); }

25. struct/class struct ST { public int x ; } public void foo() { ST s1,s2 ; s1.x = 7 ; s2 = s1 ; s1.x = 18 ; …. } class CL { public int x ; } public void foo() { CL c1,c2 ; c1 = new CL() ; c1.x = 7 ; c2 = c1 ; c1.x = 18 ; …. }

26. Within a particular class – cont’ If it is a value class (struct), then only static methods may appear in non-trivial chords

27. virtual-override Class A { public void foo1() { …. } public virtual void foo2() { …. } Class B : A { public override void foo2() { …. }

28. class C { public virtual void f () & public virtual async g() { / ∗ body1 ∗ / } public virtual void f () & public virtual async h() { / ∗ body2 ∗ / } } class D : C { public override async g() { / ∗ body3 ∗ / } } class E { public virtual void f() & private async g() { / ∗ body4 ∗ / } }

29. Within a particular class – cont’ If any chord-declaration includes a virtual method m with the override modifier, then any method n that appears in a chord with m in the super class containing the overridden definition of m must also be overridden in the subclass

30. RendezVous class RendezVous { private class Thunk { int wait() & async reply(int j ) {return j ;} } public int f (int i) { Thunk t = new Thunk(); af (i, t); return t.wait(); } private async af (int i, Thunk t) & public int g(int j ) { t. reply( j ); // returning to f return i; // returning to g }

31. ReaderWriter 1 class ReaderWriter { ReaderWriter() {idle();} public void Shared() & async idle() {s(1); } public void Shared() & async s(int n) {s(n + 1); } public void ReleaseShared() & async s(int n) { if (n == 1) idle(); else s(n − 1); } public void Exclusive() & async idle() {} public void ReleaseExclusive() { idle(); } }

32. ReaderWriter 2 class ReaderWriter { ReaderWriter() { idle(); } private int n = 0; // protected by s() public void Shared() & async idle() { n = 1; s(); } public void Shared() & async s() { n++; s(); } public void ReleaseShared() & async s() { if (−−n == 0) idle(); else s(); } public void Exclusive() & async idle() {} public void ReleaseExclusive() { idle(); } }

33. class ReaderWriterFair { ReaderWriter() { idle(); } private int n = 0; // protected by s() public void Shared() & async idle() { n = 1; s(); } public void Shared() & async s() { n++; s(); } public void ReleaseShared() & async s() { if (−−n == 0) idle(); else s(); } public void Exclusive() & async idle() {} public void ReleaseExclusive() { idle(); } public void ReleaseShared() & async t() { if (−−n == 0) idleExclusive(); else t(); } public void Exclusive() & async s() { t(); wait(); } void wait() & async idleExclusive() {} }

34. Delegate delegate bool MyDlg(string s,int I); MyDlg d = new MyDlg(MyObj.f); d(“Hello”, 7);

35. async & void async is a subtype of void – –A void delegate may be created from an async method – –An async method may override a void one – –An async method may implement a void method in an interface

36. Combining Asynchronous Messages public delegate async IntCallback(int result); public class Service { public async Request(string arg, IntCallback cb) { int r ;... // do some work cb(r); // send the result back }

37. class Client { public static void Main(string[] args) { Service s1 =... ; Service s2 =... ; Join2 x = new Join2(); s1.Request(args[0], x. firstcb); s2.Request(args[1], x. secondcb);... // do something useful in the meantime... int i, j ; x.wait(out i, out j ); // wait for both results to come back... // do something with them }

38. class Join2 { public IntCallback firstcb; public IntCallback secondcb; public Join2() { firstcb = new IntCallback(first); secondcb = new IntCallback(second); } public void wait(out int i, out int j ) & async first(int fst) & async second(int snd) { i = fst; j = snd; }

39. Active Objects public abstract class ActiveObject { protected bool done; abstract protected void ProcessMessage(); public ActiveObject () { done = false; mainLoop(); } async mainLoop() { while (!done) ProcessMessage(); }

40. public class StockServer : ActiveObject { public async AddClient(Client c) // add new client & override protected void ProcessMessage() { // Body } public async CloseDown() // request to terminate & override protected void ProcessMessage() { done = true; }

41. Remarks on Concrete Syntax class ReaderWriter { private async idle(); // Just signatures. Any modifiers or private async s(int); // attributes would occur here too public ReaderWriter() { idle(); } public void Shared() when idle() { s(1); } when s(int n) { s(n + 1); } public void ReleaseShared() when s(int n) { if (n == 1) idle(); else s(n − 1); } public void Exclusive() when idle() {} ….

43. References NICK BENTON, LUCA CARDELLI, and CEDRIC FOURNET. Microsoft Research. Modern Concurrency Abstractions for C#. NICK BENTON, LUCA CARDELLI, and CEDRIC FOURNET. Microsoft Research. Jeffrey Richter. Microsoft Press. Applied Microsoft.NET Framework Programming. Jeffrey Richter. Microsoft Press. H.M. Deitel, P.J. Deitel. Prentice Hall, 2002. Java: How to Program, 4th ed. H.M. Deitel, P.J. Deitel. Prentice Hall, 2002. HOARE, C. A. R. 1974. Comm. ACM 17, 10 (Oct.), 549–557. Monitors: An operating system structuring concept. HOARE, C. A. R. 1974. Comm. ACM 17, 10 (Oct.), 549–557. Jeffrey Richter. 2003. Thread Synchronization Fairness in the.NET CLR. Jeffrey Richter. 2003.