2. Plant structure and growth I. Angiosperm plant body

3. A. Root system A. Functions B. Root systems 1. fibrous root systems 2. tap root systems C. Food storage Water and minerals Anchor dicots versus monocots Root hairs

4. Examples pneumatophores prop roots Mangrove swamps

5. 1.Nodes and internodes 2. Apical (terminal) bud 3. Axillary buds B. Shoot system Apical dominance Bud scales Axillary bud

6. Modified stems

7. C. Leaves 1. Function 2. Anatomy of a leaf 1. blades and petioles 2. leaf types

8. B. Anatomy of a leaf 3. vein patterns 4. other features of leaves

9. C. Leaves of grass Evolutionary pressures: herbivory mowing Intercalary meristems fire

10. Modified leaves bracts

11. Modified leaves

12. II. 2 categories of tissues A. Meristematic tissues 1. Apical meristem (1 0 growth) 2. Lateral meristems (2 0 growth) a. vascular cambium b. cork cambium 3. Intercalary meristems

13. Meristems

14. B. Non-meristematic tissues 1. Simple tissues a. parenchyma b. collenchyma c. sclerenchyma fibers sclerids 1 0 cell walls 1 0 and 2 0 cell walls parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma /lignin

15. 2. Complex tissues a. xylem b. phloem c. periderm B. Non-meristematic tissues Outer bark 2 0 xylem = wood 2 0 phloem = inner bark Vascular cambium

16. Vessels and Tracheids

18. Phloem: stms

19. III. Tissue arrangements dermal ground (cortex and pith) vascular (xylem and phloem) epidermis cuticle Herbaceous dicot Vascular bundle A. dermal, ground, vascular

21. B. 3 stem types Vegetative growth 1. Herbaceous dicot 2. Monocot 3. Woody

22. How a plant grows shoot root Apical meristem

23. IV. Inside Plants A. Inside roots 1.Structures 2.Primary growth 3.Water absorption epidermis cortex Dicot endodermis pericycle

24. A. Inside roots Endodermis

26. Pericycle

27. 2. Primary root growth a.Importance of primary growth b.Root cap c.Root hairs and branches rhizosphere mucigel

28. 3. Water and mineral absorption Plasmodesmata Transpiration Obstacles to transpiration

29. B. Inside stems 1. Structures 2. Primary growth 3. Monocot stems

30. 2. Primary growth

31. Monocot stems

32. C. Inside leaves 1. Cellular organization a. epidermis b. mesophyll: two parts palisade cells spongy cells c. veins: phloem and xylem 2. Stomata 3. Conifer leaves 4. Sun leaves and shade leaves

33. 2. Stomata

34. Stomata opening and closing

35. 3. Conifer leaves Western white pine Western redcedar Douglas fir epidermis sunken stomata thick mesophyll endodermis hypodermis waxy

36. 4. Sun leaves and shade leaves Shade leavesExplanation Cuticle Sun leaves [Chlorophyll] Aspect (horizontal/ vertical) Sunken stomata thin low (light) high (dark) verticalhorizontal yesno Hairyyesno thick

37. V. Secondary growth A.Lateral meristems 1.Vascular cambium 2.Cork cambium

38. B. Formation of secondary growth

39. C. Other features of wood 1. sapwood and heartwood 2. vascular rays 3. growth rings

40. D. Conifer and dicot wood Vessels and tracheids Conifer wood Dicot wood

41. VI. Origin of tissues

42. The end