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Exotic Species
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Recreation - Brown Trout
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Ring-necked Pheasant
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Chukar
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Red Deer – New Zealand
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Whimsy or Aesthetics – European Starling
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House Sparrow
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Exotic plants in New Zealand Native flora of 2065 species 24,774 documented introduced alien species About 2200 exotics have become established (naturalized)
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Multiflora Rose
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Tree of Heaven - Ailanthus Light blue – counties where Ailanthus is present
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Scotch Broom
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Walking Catfish
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Cherry Headed Conures in San Francisco
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Monk Parrots – Chicago, Harold Washington Park and Hyde Park
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Science - Gypsy Moth
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Africanized Honey Bees
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Movement of Africanized Honey Bees
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Inn-Siang Ooi – Knox Alum http://strangebehaviors.wordpress.com/2011 /01/14/the-wall-of-the-dead/http://strangebehaviors.wordpress.com/2011 /01/14/the-wall-of-the-dead/
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Biocontrol
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Klamath Weed – aka – St. John’s Wort
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Chrysolina beetle
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Prickly Pear Hedge - Tunisia
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Prickly pear in Australia – before control
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Cactoblastis cactorum
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Prickly pear – same location after control
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Red Fox - Australia With native Bobuck possum
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Red fox - Australia
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Impact of Exotic Species
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Predators and Grazers – Stephen Island, New Zealand
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Stephen Island Wren
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Brown Tree Snake
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Many Brown Tree Snakes
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Brown Tree Snake on Guam and Beyond
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Decline in cichlid species due to Nile Perch in Lake Victoria
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California Channel Islands
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Sheep grazing – Channel Islands
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Channel Island Coreopsis
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Emerald Ash Borer
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Parasites and Pathogens 16th Century Drawings of Native Americans with Smallpox
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Chestnut blight canker and fungus
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Spread of Chestnut Blight
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Dutch Elm Disease – The Way to Knox
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Elm Bark Beetle
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Elm Bark Beetle Galleries
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Parasites and Pathogens Avian Malaria and Hawaiian Native Birds like Scarlet Honeycreeper
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Avian malaria occurs in areas below white line on Island of Hawaii
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Avian Malaria and Abundance of Native Birds Gray line – mosquito abundance; solid black line – prevalence of avian malaria; dashed line – native bird adundance
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Competitors – Purple Loosestrife
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Purple Loosestrife
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Purple Loosestrife Distribution
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Control of Purple Loosestrife
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Expansion of Water Hyacinth from Native Brazil
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Water Hyacinth in India
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Kudzu flower
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Kudzu vines
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Kudzu Car
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Kudzu Distribution
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European Starling and Eastern Bluebird
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Starling and Bluebird Competition
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Honeybee – Apis melliflora and native Bumble-bee - Bombus vosnesenskii
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Honey Bee – Colony Collapse
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Colony Collapse Disorder - Trends
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Hybridization – Cordgrass – Spartina alterniflora
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Spartina Hybridization A = Spartina alterniflora B = S. maritima C = S. x townsendii D = S. anglica
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Invasive Spartina anglica in San Francisco Bay
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Ecosystem Effects - Blue Gum
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Oak savanna to Eucalyptus forest
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Charles Elton - 1927
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Where do we find successful exotics? From Elton 1.Disturbed habitats are especially susceptible to invasion by exotics 2.Islands are also vulnerable to invasions 3.So-called weedy species are especially successful – general habitat requirements, withstand human disturbance, large numbers of offspring, good dispersal abilities
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Minimum Viable Population The smallest population for a species which can be expected to survive for a long time Many factors effect MVP – the study of those factors is often called Population Viability Analysis – or Population Vulnerability Analysis – or PVA
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English Skylark
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Metapopulations
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Metapopulation A series of small, separate populations united together by dispersal Thus even if all members of one population go extinct, other populations survive and dispersal from survivor populations can recolonize the area – a rescue effect
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Metapopulation Dynamics
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Bay Checkerspot Butterfly
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Population dynamics of Bay Checkerspot Butterfly
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Bay Checkerspot Jasper Ridge
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Species persistence in metapopulations Varies with factors effecting extinction and colonization such as: Distances between patches Species dispersal ability Number of patches
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Types of Metapopulations
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Possible mountain (desert bighorn) sheep dispersal routes Dispersal corridors predicted by the best-fitting dispersal model (15/0̣10) and the HM population model, depicted with hill-shade topography. Black lines indicate least-costly corridor routes for corridors with, yellow lines indicate least-costly corridor routes that (a) were severed by anthropogenic barriers; or (b) were re- established by translocated populations. Corridors are presented based on (a) all extant populations within the study area, with and without current anthropogenic barriers considered; and (b) extant populations with and without those successfully reestablished by translocation, with current anthropogenic barriers considered. Epps et al. 2007
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Furbish’s Lousewort
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