1. From Service Markets to Service Economies – An infrastructure for protocol-generic SLA negotiations Dagstuhl Seminar on Service Level Agreements in Grids 22. – 27. 03. 2009 Sebastian Hudert

2. 2Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Outline Vision: Service Economies Internet of Services Service Markets Service Economies Research Goal A protocol-generic SLA negotiation infrastructure Open Questions

3. 3Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Internet of Services (1) Grid Computing: Dynamic sharing and coordination of resources not subject to central control, delivering „nontrivial qualities of service“ (Foster2002) Cloud Computing: Dynamic provision of inter-connected and virtualized computers on demand(Buyya2008) Enterprise SOA Variety of single applications or complex workflow services are offered over an intra- and inter-company network Elaborate business applications are implemented as workflows over these simple and complex services

4. 4Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Internet of Services (2) Common Vision: Internet of Services  Service Orientation Distributed Service Systems Services as basic building blocks for more complex Applications/Workflows  Decentral Systems (Almost) no hierarchical control Open, decentrally managed systems  cross-organizational setting Value-added Services based on Service Orchestration

5. 5Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Outline Vision: Service Economies Internet of Services Service Markets Service Economies Research Goal A protocol-generic SLA negotiation infrastructure Open Questions

6. 6Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Commercial service-based Systems: Towards Service Markets Service Markets IoS application in a commercial context  Need for QoS guarantees Cross-organisational setting  Need for decentral coordination  Need for a shared communication language Idea: usage of socio-economic mechanisms to implement efficient service-based system across organisational boundaries  Service Level Agreements  electronic Negotiations

7. 7Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Service Markets: Automated Negotiation of SLAs „Service Level Agreements are used in different domains and on different levels to establish agreements on the quality of service (QoS) between a service provider and a service consumer“ (Seidel et al. 2007) „Service Level Agreements […] are an essential instrument for service providers to advertise their services‘ quality, as well as to manage their resources.“ (Hasselmeyer2006) „Service consumers on the other hand use SLAs to formalise guarantees on service quality properties.“ (Hasselmeyer2006) Automated negotiations represent a key element for such cross- organizational frequent service invocations (Lomuscio, Wooldridge and Jennings, 2003) Many interactions in the IoS, not manageable for human negotiations Negotiations are especially necessary, if different institutions are involved in a Service Market

8. 8Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Efficient Ressource Allocation: Service Markets Research questions concerning Service Markets: Efficiency of economic self-organisation approaches for coordinating Service Markets  CATNETS Development of methods and tools for an efficient, market-based resource allocation system aiming at the end user  SORMA Investigation of reputation and trust models for a more efficient partner selection in Service Markets  eRep

9. 9Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Outline Vision: Service Economies Internet of Services Service Markets Service Economies Research Goal A protocol-generic SLA negotiation infrastructure Open Questions

10. 10Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Next Step: Service Economies (1) Economic Theory: Different market situations demand different negotiation protocols to reach the highest-possible overall efficiency. Computer Science: Current systems are generally based on the same communication infrastructure (Web Services, SOAP etc.) However, on a higher level individual markets mostly employ only one particular protocol (aiming at the respective setting?). But what if service consumers require services that are not available on the market / the sytem they are implemented for? e. g. for innovative and dynamic business processes

11. 11Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Next Step: Service Economies (2) Grid Computing Cloud Computing (resource side) Applications in the CloudEnterprise SOA InfrastructureIP-based Intra-/Internet CommunicationSOAP, http Paradigm(atomic) digital services InterfacesWeb Services (WSDL) Transparency up to actual resource services up to actual resource serivcesup to virtualization layer up to application services Invocationpredictable, parallel on demand, parallel and/or sequential predictable within the workflow (if present), parallel and/or sequential (according to WF) predictable within the workflow, parallel and/or sequential (according to WF) Point of controlscheduler/job submittervirtualization layeruser/workflow scheduler user/workflow scheduler and/or moving System Configuration few to many SC, many resource services (SP) few virtualization services (SC), many resource servicesmany SC, few services Service Complexity standardized commodity services standardized and/or complex services CDAs or Reverse Auctions (depending on number of consumers)Reverse Auctions Auctions or Bargaining (depending on service complexity)

12. 12Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Next Step: Service Economies (3) Service Market II Service Market III Service Market I Service Economy

13. 13Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Outline Vision: Service Economies Internet of Services Service Markets Service Economies Research Goal A protocol-generic SLA negotiation infrastructure Open Questions

14. 14Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Research Goal (1) Research Question: Is it possible to increase the overall efficiency of an SLA management layer in current IoS settings by introducing an agent-based, protocol- generic negotiation infrastructure and thus an Economy of Services? To what extent can such an infrastructure increase flexibility of the overall system? How robust is such an infrastructure?

15. 15Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Research Goal (2) SLA-based QoS Management  Need for IoS/SE Infrastructures directly supporting the overall Service Lifecycle Focus: (Discovery and) Negotiation Phase

16. 16Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Outline Vision: Service Economies Internet of Services Service Markets Service Economies Research Goal A protocol-generic SLA negotiation infrastructure Open Questions

17. 17Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Service Economy Infrastructure: Architecture Design Abstract Design Idea:

18. 18Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Management vs. Service Layer Negotiation components (Management Agents) are part of a general Service Management Overlay Network Analogy: Agreement and Service Layer in WS-Agreement WS-Agreement Architecture (Andrieux2005)

19. 19Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Infrastructure Components Negotiation Protocol Description Language Set of protocol primitives supporting the discovery of the respective SLA templates and negotiation protocol descriptions a flexible negotiation phase (conducted according to the protocol description discovered)

20. 20Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Protocol Description - Datamodel

21. 21Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Protocol Description – XML Schema Document … … Definition of the Contextelement Type Definition of the Term Type Scheme for Negotiated Issues (Excerpt)

22. 22Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Protocol Primitives Idea: Role-based interface definitions for Service Providers Consumers and Intermediaries (implementing a system of lookup and/or auction servers) supporting the Discovery Process (requesting or proposing of, pub/sub functionality for protocol descriptions etc.) Negotiation Process (posting or accepting/rejecting bids etc.) Actual Negotiation Process will follow the specifications stated in the discovered protocol description document.

23. 23Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Discovery Process Requesting Protocol Descriptions Proposal of Protocol Descriptions Usage of central Lookup Servers

24. 24Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Outline Vision: Service Economies Internet of Services Service Markets Service Economies Research Goal A protocol-generic SLA negotiation infrastructure Open Questions

25. 25Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Open Questions Which market configurations (in terms of service consumers, providers and intermediaries) are present in current Service Markets? How do currently used SLAs look like? To what extend can economic theory prescribe fitting negotiation protocols for these different „products“? Which metrics are applicable for such settings? How can economic efficiency and infrastructural flexibility be measured? …

26. 26Doktorandenseminar WS 07/08 03. 12. 2007 Sebastian Hudert Thank you for your attention! Any questions? Sebastian Hudert Department of Information Systems Management University of Bayreuth sebastian.hudert@uni-bayreuth.de