2. 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 2100 Depth (m) Time (s) Raw Seismograms 0 2100 Four-Layer Sand Channel Model 0 0 0.8 Midpoint (m)

3. Interferometric Seismic Imaging J. Yu, J. Sheng, and G. Schuster

4. Claerbout, Katz, 70’s xx Earthquake 1900’s xx Utah+LLNL 1997 Migrate Claerbout, Rickett 1999 xyxyxyxy xyxyxyxyMigrate Arbitrary Unknown Src V(z) V(x,y,z) W(t) Location W(t) Location NOYESYESYES NO YESYESYES YES/NO YESNO? NOYESYES YESNO YES YES YES SELECTIVE HISTORY PASSIVE IMAGING Validity

5. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Transmission PS Migration Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

6. Interference Pattern Optical Lens LASER t

7. Interference Pattern Optical Lens ss t LASER Lens Deformation Time Differences

8. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

9. Seismic Ghost Reflection Direct Ghost ? Find R(x,z) but not know source location

10. Direct Ghost 12Directx Directx Master Seismic Ghost Reflection Seismic Interferogram: Correlate Traces t }M m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers

11. Geological Model 0 Depth (m) 3 40 X (m) V1 V2 V4 V3 V5 V6

12. Shot Gather and Crosscorrelogram 1 200 0 4 Time (s) 1 200 0 4 Time (s) Traces CSG 10 and Master trace at 80 Traces

13. Crosscorrelogram Migration Results 1.6 2.1 0 2.2 Time (s) X (km) 1.6 2.1 X (km) With primaryWithout primary

14. Source Geophone Bit Position? Problems in RVSPWD Pilot signal? Wavelet ?

15. Well Drill bit Receiver Primary Direct Wave Ghost What is Joint Migration

16. Acquisition Survey 0 04.5 -5 East (kft) North (kft) Well Rig 3C Receivers Drill bit 10 Depth (kft) 0

17. Autocorrelograms of CSG 96 1 10 0 4 Time (s) 1 10 8 s 12 s16 s

18. Acquisition Survey Map Well Rig 3C Receivers Drill bit 0 0 150030004500 -5000 East (ft) North (ft) C Line AC4

19. 3.0 2.0 1.0 Time (s) SP1255 1235 1215 Drilling hole Joint Migration ( insert) and CDP Section

20. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

21. Primary Ghost 12 Free-Surface Multiple

22. Primary Ghost 12 x PrimaryxPrimary Seismic Interferogram: Correlate Traces Caution: Ghostx Primary = R 3 t } m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers

23. SEG/EAGE Salt Model 0 600 1200 1800 2400 Depth (m) 3000 3600 0 5000 10000 15000 Distance (m) 320 shots 176 traces per shot

24. Kirchhoff Image 0 600 1200 1800 2400 Depth (m) 3000 3600 0 5000 10000 15000 Distance (m)

25. XcorM0 600 1200 1800 2400 Depth (m) 3000 3600 0 5000 10000 15000 Distance (m)

26. 0 600 1200 1800 2400 Depth (m) 3000 3600 0 5000 10000 15000 Distance (m) KMXcorM

27. Kirchhoff Image 0 600 1200 1800 2400 Depth (m) 3000 3600 0 5000 10000 15000 Distance (m)

28. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

29. Hydro-Fracturing=Unknown Source ? P P P P x12?

30. P S P P MasterP*P P*P x12 Hydro-Fracturing=Unknown Source t } m(x) = (g, t - t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Difference between Paths

31. -1.5 0 2100 2100 m 70 Ringy 30 Hz Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) 1.0 0 2100 m 0 1.0 1.0 Kirchhoff Migration Image Correlogram Migration Image Midpoint (m)

32. 1.5 -1.5 Migration Image: 1-s Stack 6.0 -6.0 Migration Image: 40-s Stack 0 2100 2100 m 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) 1.0 0 2100 m 0 Migration Image: 40-s Stack Migration Image: 1-s Stack

33. Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Transmission PS Migration Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

34. Seismic P and PS Transmission S P P S ? Find R(x,z)

35. S P P S MasterS*S P*S Seismic P and PS Transmission P and PS Transmission Interferograms P and PS Transmission Interferograms x12 t } m(x) = (g, t - t ) gx g MxMxMxMx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Difference between Paths

36. 0 km 200 km 0 s 1.6 s

37. 2. Possible Applications: Horizontal Drill Bit Imaging, CDP Mult. Reservoir Monitoring, Mars/Sun Seismology 2 3. Limitations: 3. Limitations: Virtual Multiples Reflectivity Imaging > Source Imaging N Traces N Correlograms Coherent Noise Summary m(x) = (g, t + t ) g gx MxMxMxMx M 1. New Passive Seismic Imaging Capability: Valid for V(x,y,z) Arbitrary Sources Src & R Images Poststack & Prestack

38. Acknowledgements Thanks for support of UTAM sponsors. Thank J. Rickett and J. Claerbout for fruitful discussions. fruitful discussions.

39. Reduced-Time Migration Shift Traces by R1 Traveltime R1 Traveltime R1 R2 Mitigate Src-Rec Statics m(x)= d(x, t + t - t ) sxgxred.

40. Interference Pattern Phase Difference Phase of Rays with Common Path Cancels We only “see” Phase Difference

41. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging Summary Summary

42. 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 2100 Depth (m) Time (s) Raw Seismograms 0 2100 Four-Layer Sand Channel Model 0 0 0.8 Midpoint (m)

43. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging

44. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging

45. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results

46. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging

47. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples IVSPWD ? ? ? ? F.S. CDP Multiple Migration F.S. CDP Multiple Migration

48. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? ? ? ? ? Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR

49. ? Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? PS Transmission Migration Migration PS ? ? ? ? ? PS Transmission Migration PS Transmission Migration

50. ? Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection ImagingIVSPWD ? ?

51. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? ? ? ? ? Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR

52. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples IVSPWD ? ? ? ? ? Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR

53. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? ? ? ? ? PS Transmission Migration PS Transmission Migration

54. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? PS Transmission Migration MigrationPS ? ? ? ? ? ? PS Transmission Migration PS Transmission Migration

55. Crosscorrelogram R*G Migration 1. Construct M pseudo-shot gathers (g, t ) M m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M 2. Migrate psuedo-shot gathers by sum M, g M shifted time shifted time R G R*R R*G

56. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase DifferencesIVSPWD ? ? ? F.S. CDP Multiple Migration F.S. CDP Multiple Migration

57. Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging F.S. CDP Multiples IVSPWD ? ? ? ? ? F.S. CDP Multiple Migration F.S. CDP Multiple Migration

58. Direct Ghost Specular Ray Ray Master DG

59. Ghost Direct D*D D*G

60. Crosscorrelogram R*G Migration 1. Construct N pseudo-shot gathers (g, t ) N m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g NxNxNxNxgx N 2. Migrate psuedo-shot gathers by sum N, g N shifted time shifted time MP

61. 0 2100 Midpoint (m) 2100 0 Depth (m) 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) 4-Layer Model

62. 0 2100 Midpoint (m) 2100 0 Depth (m) 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) R G 4-Layer Model

63. 0 2100 Midpoint (m) 2100 0 Depth (m) 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) Correlogram Migration Image Others Imaged Incorrectly Ghosts Imaged Correctly

64. 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 0 0.8 0 2100 Depth (m) Time (s) Raw Seismograms 0 2100 Four-Layer Sand Channel Model 0 0 0.8 Midpoint (m)

65. 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 0 0.8 0 2100 Depth (m) Time (s) 0 2100 Raw Seismograms Migration Image: 1-s Stack Midpoint (m)

66. 0 2100 Midpoint (m) 2100 0 Depth (m) 1.5 -1.5 6.0-6.0 70 Raw Seismograms 0.8 0 Time (s) Migration Image: 50 1-s Stacks