1. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 1 Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math ASTR/PHYS 109 Dr. David Toback Lecture 4 & 5

2. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 2 Prep For Today (is now due) – L5 Reading (should already have been completed) –Required: BBBHNM: Chapter 1-4 Pre-Lecture Reading Questions (PLRQ) –All 6 PLRQ quizzes in eCampus (was already due) –CPR Stage 2 End-of-Chapter Quizzes –Chapter 2 Papers –None assigned –First one will be assigned when we do Chapter 6

3. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 3 Next Topic: Going Small Finished looking at various things in the universe going from the sizes we know to the VERY big Next we do the very small Why? If we want to understand the universe we need to know what’s in it and what its made of Why and how did it get to be the way it is?

4. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 4 Starting out with small things 10 centimeters, or 0.1 meters, or 10 -1 meters. About 3 inches A baseball is a size we know from everyday experience

5. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 5 Getting smaller Something smaller you can see with your eyes 0.01 meters, (10 -2 m) or 1 cm, or about a 1/3 of an inch

6. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 6 Much smaller A simple dust mite is barely visible with the naked eye Into the realm of biology 10 -3 meters or 1 millimeter

7. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 7 A human hair Looking a the side view of a single hair 10 -4 meters

8. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 8 Closer still… A single red blood cell 10 -5 meters

9. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 9 Further still An HIV virus which is one of the bigger known viruses 10 -6 meters

10. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 10 Small Virus A polio virus which is known to be one of the smaller viruses 10 -7 meters

11. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 11 The Double Helix A close up of the helical structure of DNA Starting to get into Chemistry 10 -8 meters

12. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 12 An Atom 10 -9 meters or 1 nanometer 10 million in a cm What we’re seeing is the electron “cloud” as it goes around the atom Kinda like the blades of a fan The realm of Physics

13. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 13 Inside an Atom Snapshot in time of 2 electrons “orbiting” the nucleus Atoms are “composite” things, not fundamental 10 -10 meters

14. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 14 The Central Part of the Atom The electrons are outside our field of view 10 -11 meters

15. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 15 Homing in on The Nucleus Still zooming into the center of the atom The atom is mostly empty space 10 -12 meters

16. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 16 The Structure of the Nucleus Can just start to see the “stuff” inside the nucleus The nucleus is not fundamental 10 -13 meters

17. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 17 Protons and Neutrons A carbon atom has 6 protons (blue) and 6 neutrons (grey) VERY tightly packed 10 -14 meters

18. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 18 Inside the Proton Three quarks inside the proton –Protons are composite –Quarks are fundamental 10 -15 meters

19. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math Other Fundamental Particles? Electrons and quarks (as far as we know) are fundamental Lots of other fundamental particles Recently discovered the Higgs Boson 19

20. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math Anti-Matter Each fundamental particle has an anti-matter version which is also fundamental 20

21. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 21 Protons are stable  live forever Neutrons outside a nucleus are unstable  can decay Neutron  Proton + Electron + Neutrino Stable and Unstable Particles Neutron Proton Decay Electron Neutrino Note that this only happens when Neutrons are by themselves (not in an atom)

22. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 22 Inside an Atom If an atom were the size of a large city, then the neutrons and protons would be the size of a person, and the electrons and quarks would be smaller than a small freckle http://bigbang.physics.tamu.edu/Figures/StolenAnimations/Animation_Atom.mpg

23. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 23 Summary: The “Small” Sciences cm10 -10 m 10 -14 m 10 -15 m u <10 -19 m 10 -9 m MatterMoleculeAtomNucleusQuarksProtons & Neutrons Electrons <10 -19 m top, bottom, charm, strange, up, down Chemistry Atomic Physics Nuclear Physics Particle Physics

24. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 24 Questions… How large are electrons and quarks? –We don’t know… that’s what I (and others) do for a living… What are they “made of”? Are they made of anything? Strings? Are there other fundamental particles we haven’t discovered?

25. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 25 Prep For Next Time – L4 Reading: –No new reading –Unit 2 reading assigned next time, but likely due Feb 9th Pre-Lecture Reading Questions –Stage 2 in CPR for Unit 1 due Wednesday before class –Stage 1 in CPR for Unit 1 Revision will be assigned after grades are posted (will happen after next class) –Stage 1 for Unit 2 will be assigned Next class, probably due Feb 9th End-of-Chapter Quizzes –If we finished Chapter 3 then End-of-Chapter Quiz 3 (else just Chapter 2)

26. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 26 Prep For Next Time – L5 Reading: –Unit 2 Pre-Lecture Reading Questions –Stage 1 for Unit 2 due before Class –Stage 1 in CPR for Unit 1 Revision will be assigned after grades are posted End-of-Chapter Quizzes –If we finished Chapter 3 then End- of-Chapter Quiz 3 (else just Chapter 2)

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28. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 28 Clicker Quiz A muon is observed to decay into an electron and two different neutrinos. Is a muon considered a fundamental particle? a)No, because it has the electrons and neutrinos inside it so it can't be fundamental. b)Yes, because it isn't composed of electrons and neutrinos, it just decays into them c)No, because fundamental particles can't decay

29. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 29 Clicker Quiz Q: What does it mean for an electron to be "stable?" a)It is balanced with exactly one proton b)Its orbit ring exists in one plane (no wobble) c)It has reached minimum size (10 -19 m) d)Undisturbed, it can go on living forever and ever e)They don't appear to be made of anything smaller

30. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 30 Prep For Next Time – L3 Reading: –BBBHNM: Chap 3 and 4 Reading Questions: –Two questions from Chapter 3 or the recommended reading –Two questions from Chapter 4 or the recommended reading eLearning Quizzes –If we finished Chapter 3 then end- of-chapter quiz 3 (else just 2)

31. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 31 Prep For Next Time – L4 Reading: –BBBHNM: Chap 4 Reading Questions: –Two questions from Chapters 4 if you didn’t complete already eLearning End-of-Chapter Quizzes –If we finished Chapter 3 then end-of-chapter quiz 3 (else just 2)

32. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 32 Prep for Today (Is now due) – L4 Reading: –Required: BBBHNM: Chapter 4 eLearning End-of-Chapter Quizzes: –End-of-Chapter Quizzes for Chapter 2 Reading questions: –Two questions for Chapter 3 and two questions for Chapter 4

33. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 33 Prep For Today (is now due) – L4 Reading: –Required: BBBHNM: Chapter 1-4 –Recommended Reading: BHOT: Chap. 1-3 SHU: Chap. 1-2 TOE: Chap. 1 Pre-Lecture Reading Questions –Three questions from Unit 1 End-of-Chapter Quizzes –Chapter 2

34. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 34 Full Set of Readings So Far Required: BBBHNM: Chap 1-4 Recommended: –BHOT: Chap. 1-3 –SHU: Chap. 1-2 –TOE: Chap. 1

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36. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math

37. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math Other Fundamental Particles? Electrons and quarks (as far as we know) are fundamental Lots of other fundamental particles There is also anti- matter –Each fundamental particle has an anti- matter version which is fundamental 37

38. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 38

39. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 39 Prep For Next Time – L4 Reading: –BBBHNM: Chap 5 Pre-Lecture Reading Questions: –Two questions from Chapter 5 End-of-Chapter Quizzes –If we finished Chapter 3, then do 3 (if not, just 2)

40. Introduction Topic 3: Going Small Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math 40 Prep For Next Time – L4 Reading: –Required: BBBHNM Unit 2 (Chapters 5-9), will be due Monday –Recommended Reading: See P3 of http://people.physics.tamu.edu/toback/109/Syllabus.pdf http://people.physics.tamu.edu/toback/109/Syllabus.pdf Pre-Lecture Reading Questions –Unit 1: Stage 1 Revision (if needed), due Monday. Pass/Revise grades posted on CPR later this week Will post the assignment after class –Unit 2: Stage 1 due Monday End-of-Chapter Quizzes –If we finished Chapter 3 then End-of-Chapter Quiz 3 (else just Chapter 2)