1. Biochemistry
Review

2. Inorganics No Carbon

3. Water High heat capacity Polarity/Solvent properties
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning

4. High heat capacity
Absorbs and releases heat before its temperature changes
Helps body get rid of excess heat
Helps regulate body temperature by carrying heat through out body in the blood
Helps prevent excessive changes in homeostasis due to external temperatures

5. Polarity/Solvent Properties
Universal solvent
Salts, Acids, and Bases dissolve readily in water
Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body
Molecules that lubricate the body use water as their base

6. Reactivity Reactant in metabolic reactions Hydrolysis
Adding water to larger molecule

7. Cushioning
Acts to protect by filling spaces around organs
Brain
Fetus

8. Salts – Yum! Most common contain Calcium and Phosphorus
Ionic compounds
Dissociation to form ions
Ions important in nerve impulses and as part of the hemoglobin molecule
Electrolytes – conduct electrical currant in solution
Salts – Yum!

9. Acids and Bases Electrolytes Based on pH scale
pH of 7 is neutral, below is acidic, above is basic or alkaline
Buffers
Blood pH – 7.35 to 7.45
Depletion of oxygen to body if blood pH strays by just tenths
Cells sensitive to change in body fluid pH
Regulated by kidneys, lungs and buffers found through the body and tissue fluids

10. Organics Contains carbon

11. Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Energy for necessary metabolic reactions
Carbohydrates

12. Monosaccharides Most important in body Glucose, universal energy
Fructose and Galactose, broken down by cells to glucose
Ribose and Deoxyribose, part of nucleic acids

13. Disaccharides Built with two monosaccharides Important disaccharides
Sucrose (glucose + fructose), cane sugar
Lactose (glucose + galactose), found in milk
Maltose (glucose + glucose), malt sugar
Dehydration and Hydrolysis
Dehydration builds disaccharides
Hydrolysis breaks down disaccharides

15. Polysaccharides Complex branching chains of simple sugars
Excellent storage product
Not sweet or are they?
Important to the body, Starch and Glycogen
Starch from plants for energy
Glycogen stored energy in animal tissues (muscles and liver)
Cellular respiration

16. Lipids Enter the body in Yummy things we eat! Most abundant in body
More Carbon and Hydrogen than oxygen
Insoluble in water so must be dissolved by solvents – alcohol and acetone
Types
Neutral Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

17. Neutral Fats Triglycerides Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Saturated: solid animal fats, single bonds for carbons
Unsaturated: plant oils, double or triple bonds
Body’s most abundant and concentrated source of usable energy

18. Phospholipids Polar due to phosphorus “heads”
Found in cell membranes, selective permeability

19. Steroids Cholesterol Cell membranes and more concentrated in the brain
Raw material for vitamin D
Sex hormones
Bile Salts

20. Proteins 50% of the organic matter in the body
Built by Amino Acids connected by peptide bonds - Polypeptides
Fibrous proteins are structural proteins
Collagen; support
Keratin; strength
Globular proteins are functional proteins
Enzymes (catalysts)
Antibodies
Hormones
Transport proteins

21. Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
Genetic information

22. Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP
Usable form of energy for body cells
Modified Nucleotide
Energy captured in high energy bond of 3rd phosphate from breakdown of glucose