1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:  Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;  Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;  Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Emerging Adulthood  Slower than in past to reach milestones of adulthood  Prolonged identity development  More education  Later career entry  Less available for low SES  Prolonged identity development  More education  Later career entry  Less available for low SES

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Theories of Biological Aging DNA-Cellular Level  Programmed effects of specific genes  “Aging genes”  Tolomere shortening  Random Events  Mutations and cancer  Free radicals DNA-Cellular Level  Programmed effects of specific genes  “Aging genes”  Tolomere shortening  Random Events  Mutations and cancer  Free radicals Organ and Tissue Level  Cross-linkage theory  Gradual failure of endocrine system  Declines in immune system Organ and Tissue Level  Cross-linkage theory  Gradual failure of endocrine system  Declines in immune system

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Cardiovascular & Respiratory Changes  Heart  Few resting changes, lower performance under stress  Hypertension, atherosclerosis  Diseases declining - better lifestyle  Heart  Few resting changes, lower performance under stress  Hypertension, atherosclerosis  Diseases declining - better lifestyle  Lungs  Maximum vital capacity declines after 25  Stiffness makes breathing harder with age  Lungs  Maximum vital capacity declines after 25  Stiffness makes breathing harder with age

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Aging and Athletic Performance

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motor Performance in Adulthood  Athletic skills peak between 20 and 35  Decline gradually until 60s or 70s, then faster  Athletic skills peak between 20 and 35  Decline gradually until 60s or 70s, then faster  Continued training slows loss  Keep more vital capacity, muscle, response speed  Continued training slows loss  Keep more vital capacity, muscle, response speed

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Immune System in Early Adulthood  Fewer T cells from shrinking thymus  B cells don’t work as well without T cells  Stress weakens immune response Declines after age 20:

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Rate of First Births to Women by Age

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Leading Causes of Death in Early Adulthood

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 SES and Self-Reports of Health

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Causes of Overweight  Heredity  Environmental pressures  Cheap fat and sugar  Supersize portions  Busy lives  Snacks  Take-out  Lack of exercise  Heredity  Environmental pressures  Cheap fat and sugar  Supersize portions  Busy lives  Snacks  Take-out  Lack of exercise

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Consequences of Overweight  Health Problems  Blood pressure, heart  Diabetes  Liver, gallbladder  Arthritis  Sleep, digestive  Social discrimination  Housing  Education, careers  Mistreatment  Health Problems  Blood pressure, heart  Diabetes  Liver, gallbladder  Arthritis  Sleep, digestive  Social discrimination  Housing  Education, careers  Mistreatment

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Treating Obesity  Diet and exercise  Eating records  Social support  Problem-solving skills  Extended intervention  Diet and exercise  Eating records  Social support  Problem-solving skills  Extended intervention

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dietary Fat  Unsaturated  Liquid vegetable oils  Total fat  30% or less of daily calories  Unsaturated  Liquid vegetable oils  Total fat  30% or less of daily calories  Saturated Fat  From meat and dairy  Solid at room temperature  No more than 10% of daily calories  Saturated Fat  From meat and dairy  Solid at room temperature  No more than 10% of daily calories

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Variations in Dietary Fat and High Blood Pressure Among Black Africans

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Exercise  Only one third get enough  At least 30 minutes moderate five or more days a week  More often, more vigorous is better  Around one third of North Americans are inactive  Women  Low SES  Only one third get enough  At least 30 minutes moderate five or more days a week  More often, more vigorous is better  Around one third of North Americans are inactive  Women  Low SES

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Benefits of Exercise  Reduces fat, builds muscle  Boosts immune system, prevents some diseases  Cardiovascular benefits  Mental health benefits  Stress reduction  Self-esteem  Longer life  Reduces fat, builds muscle  Boosts immune system, prevents some diseases  Cardiovascular benefits  Mental health benefits  Stress reduction  Self-esteem  Longer life

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Substance Use in Early Adulthood  Cigarettes, chewing tobacco  Alcohol  Binge drinking  Drugs  Marijuana  Stimulants  Prescription drugs  Party drugs  Cigarettes, chewing tobacco  Alcohol  Binge drinking  Drugs  Marijuana  Stimulants  Prescription drugs  Party drugs  Peaks from 19-22 years, then declines  But up to 20% ages 21-25 are substance abusers  Peaks from 19-22 years, then declines  But up to 20% ages 21-25 are substance abusers

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Cigarette Smoking  25% of Americans, 19% of Canadians  Numbers slowly declining  Less with higher education, but many college students smoke  More women smoking  Most smokers start before age 21  25% of Americans, 19% of Canadians  Numbers slowly declining  Less with higher education, but many college students smoke  More women smoking  Most smokers start before age 21  Deadly health risks  Hard to quit  Most in treatment programs restart  Deadly health risks  Hard to quit  Most in treatment programs restart

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Alcohol Abuse in Early Adulthood  Causes mental, physical problems  High social costs  Treatment is difficult  Half relapse in months  Causes mental, physical problems  High social costs  Treatment is difficult  Half relapse in months  13% of men, 3% of women heavy drinkers  About 1/3 of these alcoholics  Genetic, cultural factors in alcoholism  13% of men, 3% of women heavy drinkers  About 1/3 of these alcoholics  Genetic, cultural factors in alcoholism

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Heterosexual Sexual Activity in Early Adulthood  90% have intercourse by age 22  Most sex in the context of relationships  70% only 1 partner in past year  Partners similar to each other  Sex infrequent  Only 1/3 twice a week or more  More often in 20s, declines with age  Most are satisfied  Over 80% of those in relationships  Minority report problems  90% have intercourse by age 22  Most sex in the context of relationships  70% only 1 partner in past year  Partners similar to each other  Sex infrequent  Only 1/3 twice a week or more  More often in 20s, declines with age  Most are satisfied  Over 80% of those in relationships  Minority report problems

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sex Difference in Sexual Attitudes  More men looking for play and pleasure  Men more upset by sexual infidelity; women by emotional  Lifetime number of partners similar for men and women  Attitudes grow more similar with age  More men looking for play and pleasure  Men more upset by sexual infidelity; women by emotional  Lifetime number of partners similar for men and women  Attitudes grow more similar with age  Women more opposed to casual sex

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Homosexuality and Bisexuality in Early Adulthood  Public acceptance growing  Majority say it’s “OK,” support civil liberties, job opportunities  Most well-educated; live in larger cities, college towns  Public acceptance growing  Majority say it’s “OK,” support civil liberties, job opportunities  Most well-educated; live in larger cities, college towns  2.8% of men, 1.4% of women  Estimated 30% same-sex couples do not report  Similar behavior to heterosexuals  2.8% of men, 1.4% of women  Estimated 30% same-sex couples do not report  Similar behavior to heterosexuals

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dangers of Sex  STDs  AIDS  Sexual Coercion  Rape  Abuse

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Factors Related to Sexual Coercion Perpetrator CharacteristicsCultural Forces  Believe traditional gender roles  Approve violence against women; accept rape myths  Perceive behavior inaccurately  History of own abuse, promiscuity  Alcohol abuse  Men taught dominance, competition, aggression  Women submission  Acceptance of violence  Aggressive pornography

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Consequences of Rape and Sexual Abuse  Trauma response  Immediate shock  Long-term problems  Depression  Physical injury  STDs  General ill health  Negative behaviors  Trauma response  Immediate shock  Long-term problems  Depression  Physical injury  STDs  General ill health  Negative behaviors

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Preventing and Treating Rape and Abuse  Community services  Underfunded  Few for men  Routine screening  Validation of experience  Safety planning  Community services  Underfunded  Few for men  Routine screening  Validation of experience  Safety planning

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 PMS  Physical and psychological symptoms  6-10 days before period  40% have some PMS  Severe for 10-20%  Genetic factors  Physical and psychological symptoms  6-10 days before period  40% have some PMS  Severe for 10-20%  Genetic factors  Diet, exercise, stress reduction, meds can help

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Stress  Related to  Illness  Unhealthy behavior  Caused or worsened by  Low SES  Challenges of early adulthood  Related to  Illness  Unhealthy behavior  Caused or worsened by  Low SES  Challenges of early adulthood

30. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Fostering a Healthy Adult Life  Keep fit  Control alcohol  No smoking  Responsible sex  Manage stress  Keep fit  Control alcohol  No smoking  Responsible sex  Manage stress  Healthy eating  Maintain reasonable weight  Healthy eating  Maintain reasonable weight

31. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Theories of Changes in Thinking in Early Adulthood  Piaget – postformal thought  Perry – epistemic cognition  Labouvie-Vief –  Pragmatic thought  Cognitive-affective complexity  Piaget – postformal thought  Perry – epistemic cognition  Labouvie-Vief –  Pragmatic thought  Cognitive-affective complexity

32. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development of Epistemic Cognition 1.Dualistic thinking 2.Relativistic thinking 3.Commitment within relativistic thinking 1.Dualistic thinking 2.Relativistic thinking 3.Commitment within relativistic thinking  Challenges  Opportunities to reflect  Peers All help development  Challenges  Opportunities to reflect  Peers All help development

33. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Cognitive-Emotional Complexity Across Adulthood

34. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Expertise and Creativity  Expertise = acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field  Takes many years  Affects information processing  Effects on creativity  Problem finding  10-year rule  Creativity usually rises in early adulthood  Expertise = acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field  Takes many years  Affects information processing  Effects on creativity  Problem finding  10-year rule  Creativity usually rises in early adulthood

35. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The College Experience  Exposure to new ideas, beliefs, demands leads to cognitive growth, new thinking patterns  Relativistic thinking  Increased self-understanding  Depends on participation in campus life  Exposure to new ideas, beliefs, demands leads to cognitive growth, new thinking patterns  Relativistic thinking  Increased self-understanding  Depends on participation in campus life  Formative, influential “developmental testing ground”

36. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dropping Out of College  30-50% drop out  Personal factors  Preparation, motivation, skills  Financial problems, low SES  Institutional factors  Little help, community  Cultural disrespect  30-50% drop out  Personal factors  Preparation, motivation, skills  Financial problems, low SES  Institutional factors  Little help, community  Cultural disrespect

37. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Periods of Vocational Development  Fantasy period  Tentative period  Realistic period  Exploration  Crystallization  Fantasy period  Tentative period  Realistic period  Exploration  Crystallization

38. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Factors Influencing Vocational Choice  Personality  Family influences  Teachers  Gender stereotypes  Access to vocational information

39. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality Types and Vocational Choice  Investigative  Social  Realistic  Artistic  Conventional  Enterprising

40. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Vocational Preparation of Non College-Bound North American high-school graduates poorly prepared to work  Lack vocational placement, counseling  Fewer opportunities than in past  Limited jobs  Work-study, apprenticeships can help  Rare in North America  Europe has model systems  Lack vocational placement, counseling  Fewer opportunities than in past  Limited jobs  Work-study, apprenticeships can help  Rare in North America  Europe has model systems