Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Features Classification PPPPredominantly Inattentive PPPPredominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive CCCCombined
2
ADHD Gender Differences BBBBoys outnumber girls 4 to 1 Cultural Factors PPPProbability of diagnosis is greatest in the United States Toxins as Cause? AAAAllergens and food additives NOT related MMMMaternal smoking increases risk
3
ADHD: Biological Factors Genetic Factors AADHD seems to run in families TThree specific genes have been implicated Neurobiological Factors SSmaller brain volume IInactivity of the frontal cortex and basal ganglia AAbnormal frontal lobe development and functioning
4
Biological Treatment of ADHD Stimulant Medications RRRRitalin, Dexedrine, Adderall, others PPPParadoxical Effect RRRReduce the core symptoms of ADHD in 70% of cases IIIImprove compliance and decrease negative behaviors DDDDo not affect learning and academic performance RRRRelapse following discontinuation
5
Behavioral Treatment of ADHD Behavioral Treatment Behavioral Treatment Increase appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate behaviors May also involve parent training Combined Biopsychosocial Treatments Combined Biopsychosocial Treatments Highly recommended Generally superior to either tx alone
6
Other Disruptive Behavior Disorders Conduct Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder
7
Learning Disorders Academic Performance Lower than IQ Predicts Academic Performance Lower than IQ Predicts Reading Disorder Arithmetic Disorder Disorder of Written Expression Disorder vs. Disability? Disorder vs. Disability?
8
Autism Spectrum Disorders Autistic Disorder SSSSocial and Communication Impairment RRRRestricted Behavior Asperger’s Disorder SSSSimilar to Austism without Communication Impairment
9
Additional Pervasive Developmental Disorders Rett’s Disorder Rett’s Disorder Initial Normal Development Increasing Mental Retardation Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Regression in language and motor skills at 2 to 4 years
10
Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders Biological and medical treatments are unavailable Behavioral treatments SSkill building RReduction of problem behaviors TTarget communication and language problems AAddress socialization deficits EEarly intervention is critical Integrated treatments: The preferred model FFocus on children, their families, schools, and home
11
Mental Retardation Mild IIIIQ from 50-55 to 70 ~~~~85% Moderate IIIIQ from 35-40 to 50-55 ~~~~10% Severe IIIIQ from 20-25 to 35-40 ~~~~3-4% Profound IIIIQ below 20-25 ~~~~1-2%
12
Other Classification Systems American Association of Mental Retardation LLevels of assistance required Intermittent, limited, extensive, pervasive Classification of MR in educational systems EEducable (IQ of 50 to 70-75) TTrainable (IQ of 30 to 50) SSevere (IQ below 30)
13
Mental Retardation Biological Factors CCCChromosomal Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome NNNNeurological Injury Prenatal – exposure to disease or a drug/toxin Perinatal – difficulties during labor Postnatal – head injury Cultural-Familial EEEEnvironmental Deprivation, Abuse CCCConsidered to be about 75% of Cases
14
Treatment of Mental Retardation Parallels treatment of pervasive developmental disorders Teach needed skills TTo foster productivity and independence EEducational and behavioral management LLiving and self-care skills via task analysis CCommunication training Community and supportive interventions
15
Other Childhood Disorders Tic Disorders TTTTourette’s Syndrome Elimination Disorders Separation Anxiety Selective Mutism Others
16
Cognitive Disorders Nature of Cognitive Disorders BBroad impairments in memory, attention, perception, and thinking PProfound changes in behavior and personality Three Classes DDelirium DDementia AAmnesia
17
Dementia Gradual deterioration of brain functioning Affects judgment, memory, language, and advanced cognitive processes Dementia has many causes and may be reversible or irreversible Impairments have a marked negative impact on social and occupational functioning
18
DSM-IV Classes of Dementia Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type Vascular Dementia Dementia Due to Other General Medical Conditions PParkinson’s Disease HHuntington’s Disease PPick’s Disease CCreutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia Dementia Due to Multiple Etiologies Dementia Not Otherwise Specified
19
Range of Cognitive Deficits Aphasia SSpeech and word usage deficits Apraxia TTask and coordination deficits Agnosia/Facial Agnosia RRecognition deficits Executive Function DDeficits in planning, organizing, sequencing, or abstracting information
20
Treatment of Dementia Medical Treatment: Best If Enacted Early FFew medical treatments exist for most types of dementia AAttempt to slow deterioration Do not actually stop progression of dementia Psychosocial Treatments FFocus on enhancing the lives of dementia patients and their families/caregivers TTeach adaptive skills UUse memory enhancement devices (e.g., memory notebook) MMain emphasis of psychosocial interventions is on the caregivers (help caregivers cope and help them help the patient)
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.