1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C H A P T E R Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 4 Cognitive Development “The thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.” — Henry Wadsworth Longfellow American Poet, 19 th Century “The thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.” — Henry Wadsworth Longfellow American Poet, 19 th Century

2. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2 Cognitive Developmental View Piaget's Theory –Cognitive Processes Schema: –A concept or framework that exists in the individual’s mind to organize and interpret information

3. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 3 Cognitive Developmental View Piaget's Theory –Cognitive Processes Assimilation: –The incorporation of new information into existing knowledge

4. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 4 Cognitive Developmental View Piaget's Theory –Cognitive Processes Accommodation: –An adjustment to new information, causing the schema to change

5. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 5 Cognitive Developmental View Piaget's Theory –Cognitive Processes Equilibration: –When adolescents experience cognitive conflict, they resolve conflict to reach a balance

6. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 6 Cognitive Developmental View Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development Fig. 4.1

7. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 7 Cognitive Developmental View Piaget's Theory –Early Formal Operational Thought Unconstrained thoughts Unlimited possibilities – Late Formal Operational Thought Test reasoning against reality Intellectual balance restored

8. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 8 Cognitive Developmental View Evaluating Piaget's Theory –Contributions Cognitive development Assimilation Accommodation Conservation Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

9. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 9 Cognitive Developmental View Evaluating Piaget's Theory –Criticisms Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier than he thought Some concrete operational concepts do not appear in synchrony Culture exerts stronger influence than he envisioned

10. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 10 Cognitive Developmental View Cognitive Changes in Adulthood –Realistic and pragmatic thinking Face reality, idealism decreases –Reflective and relativistic thinking Become aware of diverse opinions and multiple perspectives

11. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 11 Cognitive Developmental View Post-formal thought –Reflective, relativistic, and contextual –Provisional –Realistic –Open to emotions and subjective

12. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 12 Cognitive Developmental View Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Fig. 4.3

13. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13 Cognitive Developmental View Vygotsky –Social Constructivist Approach Emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction

14. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 14 Information-Processing View Cognitive Resources –Capacity and Speed –Impacted by biology and experience Mechanisms of Change –Robert Siegler’s (Three Characteristics) Attention and Memory –Attention as Selective and Shiftable Executive Functioning –Alan Baddeley’s Theory

15. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 15 Information-Processing View Decision Making Reasoning Critical Thinking Creative Thinking Expertise Metacognition and Self-Regulatory Learning

16. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 16 Information-Processing View Critical Thinking –Thinking reflexively and productively and evaluating the evidence

17. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 17 Information-Processing View Creativity –The ability to think in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems

18. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 18 Information-Processing View Convergent Thinking –A pattern of thinking in which individuals produce one correct answer; characteristic of the items on conventional intelligence tests

19. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 19 Information-Processing View Divergent Thinking –A pattern of thinking in which individuals produce many answers to the same question; more characteristic of creativity than convergent thinking

20. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 20 Metacognition and Self-Regulatory Learning Metacognition –Cognition about cognition, or “knowing about knowing” Self-Regulatory Learning –Consists of self-generation and self- monitoring of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to reach a goal

21. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 21 Intelligence Tests The Binet tests –Mental age (MA): an individual’s level of mental development relative to others –Intelligent quotient (IQ): a person’s tested mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

22. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 22 Intelligence Tests The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores Fig. 4.10

23. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 23 Intelligence Testing Intelligence Quotient: –A method of quantifying performance on an intelligence test Originally: I.Q. = Mental Age Chronological Age Mental Age Chronological Age

24. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 24 Intelligence Testing First intelligence test by Binet Revised as the Stanford-Binet I.Q. = Mental Age Chronological Age Mental Age Chronological Age X 100

25. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 25 Intelligence Testing David Wechsler – Wechsler Intelligence Scale –WAIS-III –WISC-III –WPPSI-III Wechsler scales now more widely used

26. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 26 The Use and Misuse of Intelligence Tests IQ scores correlate substantially with school grades IQ scores correlate moderately with work performance Many other factors contribute to work and school performance

27. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 27 Psychometric/Intelligence View Sternberg’s Thiarchic Theory –Analytical –Creative –Practical

28. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 28 Psychometric/Intelligence View Theories of Multiple Intelligences vs Spearmans concept of g (general Intelligence) –Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Verbal and mathematical skills Spatial skills Bodily-Kinesthetic skills Musical skills Interpersonal and intrapersonal skills Naturalist skills

29. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 29 Psychometric/Intelligence View Emotional Intelligence –(Daniel Goleman) –Perceive and express emotion accurately and adaptively –Understand emotion and emotional knowledge –Use feelings to facilitate thought and to manage emotions in oneself and others

30. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 30 Controversies in Intelligence The influence of heredity and environment –Hereditability is the fraction of the variance in a population that is attributed to genetics –Environment

31. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 31 Group Comparison in Intelligence Cross-Cultural Comparisons Cultural Bias in Testing –Culture-fair tests Ethnic Comparisons –Stereotype threat

32. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 32 Social Cognition Adolescent Egocentrism –Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents, reflected in their belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, and in their sense of personal uniqueness

33. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 33 Social Cognition Personal fable –The part of adolescent egocentrism involving an adolescent’s sense of uniqueness

34. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 34 Social Cognition Perspective Taking –The ability to assume another person’s perspective and understand his or her thoughts and feelings

35. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 35 Taking it to the Net For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Online Learning Center: http://www.mhhe.com/santrocka11