1. Instructor’s Name Semester, 200_

2. Chapter Objectives
Describe the importance of injuries as a community health problem.
Explain why the terms accidents and safety have been replaced by the currently more acceptable terms unintentional injuries, injury prevention, and injury control when dealing with such occurrences.
Briefly explain the difference between intentional injuries and provide examples of each.

3. Chapter Objectives
List the four elements usually included in the definition of the term unintentional injury.
Summarize the epidemiology of unintentional injuries.
List strategies for the prevention and control of unintentional injuries.
Explain how education, regulation, automatic protection, and litigation can reduce the number and seriousness of unintentional injuries

4. Chapter Objectives
Define the term intentional injuries and provide examples of behavior that results in intentional injuries.
Describe the scope of intentional injuries as a community health problem in the United States.
List some contributing factors to domestic violence and some strategies for reducing it.

5. Chapter Objectives
List some of the contributing factors to the increase in violence related to youth gangs and explain what communities can do to reduce this level of violence.
Discuss intervention approaches in preventing or controlling intentional injuries.

6. Definitions Injury Unintentional injuries Intentional injuries
acute exposure to physical agents interacting with the body in amounts or at rates that exceed the threshold of human tolerance.
Unintentional injuries
are those judged to have occurred without anyone intending harm to be done
Intentional injuries
have been purposely inflicted whether by oneself or another

7. Characteristics of Unintentional Injuries
1. Unplanned events
2. Preceded by an unsafe act or condition
3. Accompanied by economic loss
4. Interrupt the efficient completion of tasks.

8. Cost of Injuries to Society
5.8 million death per year worldwide
150,000 deaths per year in the US
94331 unintentional
30,575 suicides
17,893 homicides
54 million injuries
21 million disabling injuries
$469 billion /year

9. Injury Deaths U.S. (1998)

10. Causes of Years of Potential Life Lost (per 100,000 pop.)

11. Cost Estimate ($billions 1996 dollars)

12. Number of Deaths (1996)

13. Unintentional Injuries
Motor vehicle crashes
#1 cause of unintentional injury deaths
41,611 fatalities in 1999
3.3 million non-fatal injuries in 1999
Other types
- falls 17,100 deaths - suffocation
- poisonings 10,500 deaths - fires & burns
- drowning 4, discharge of firearms

14. Epidemiology of Unintentional Injuries
Person
Age
leading cause of death in the 1-44 year age group
Gender
males are twice as likely as females
Race
leading cause of death for all racial & ethnic groups excepts Blacks

15. Epidemiology of Unintentional Injuries
Place
Home
more unintentional injuries occur in the home than in any other place
Highway
ranks 2nd for non-fatal injuries; ranks 1st for unintentional injury deaths
Recreation/Sports Area
Third mostly likely place to sustain injury
Workplace
4th highest rate of unintentional injuries

16. Unintentional Deaths Location (US 1999)

17. Epidemiology of Unintentional Injuries
Time
Motor Vehicle Crashes
highest rate in January and December
alcohol involved in half of fatal crashes
Drowning
more occur in the summer months
alcohol is involved in nearly half
Fires
more occur in the winter months

18. Prevention through Epidemiology
Injury Prevention & Control Contributors
Hugh De Haven
John E. Gordon
William Haddon, Jr.
Public Health Model
similar to communicable disease model - except agent is “energy” in this model

19. Public Health Model for Unintentional Injuries
Energy
Host
Environment
Public Health Model for Unintentional Injuries

20. Public Health Model for Unintentional Injuries
Energy
Control tactics based upon
interrupting transmission
of damaging energy to host.
Host
Environment
Public Health Model for Unintentional Injuries

21. Public Health Model for Unintentional Injuries
A. Prevent accumulation of energy
B. Prevent the inappropriate release of energy
C. Place a barrier between host & agent
D. Completely separate the host from the source of energy
Energy
Control tactics based upon
interrupting transmission
of damaging energy to host.
Host
Environment
Public Health Model for Unintentional Injuries

22. Community Approach to Prevention of Unintentional Injuries
Education
Regulations
Emergency Response System
Automatic Protection
Litigation

23. Injuries Intentional Types approximately 50,000 people die each year
approximately 2.2 million receive nonfatal injuries as a result of interpersonal violence
Types
Assaults
Family Violence
Rape
Robbery
Suicide
Homicide

24. Epidemiology of Intentional Injuries
Rates of homicide, assault, & rape
homicide rate 9.8 per 100,000
declining rates
risk factors
Suicide & attempted suicide
nearly 30,000 suicides are reported each year
rates among the young have tripled since 1950
Firearm injuries
2nd leading cause of injury death
60% of homicide & 55% of suicides involved a firearm

25. Violence in our Society
Individuals & Violence
lack communication & problem solving skills
firearms are easy to obtain & deadly
Family Violence & Abuse
1 in 6 homicides is the result of family violence
Child Maltreatment
Child abuse
Child neglect
Intimate Partner Violence
Model for abuse
Gangs & Violence

26. Violent
Episode
Crisis state
Stress period
Honeymoon
Calmness

27. Approaches to Prevention
Education
Safe School/Healthy Student Initiative
Employment & Recreation Opportunities
Regulation & Enforcement
Brady Bill
Electronic detection of weapons
Other types of regulation
Counseling & Treatment
represent secondary & tertiary prevention

28. Community Health Problem
Chapter 17
Injuries As A
Community Health Problem