1. Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe (19 th and 20 th century) Christoph Mick Lecture 16 Giving Meaning to War - Only text slides - Week 9, Spring Term

2. Outline 1.Introduction 2.The Great Patriotic War and the second founding of the Soviet Union 3.The divided memory in Ukraine 4.Communist Poland: official memory vs. private memory 5.Conclusion

3. Ethnic groupNumberIn % Total147021869100% Russian11986590081.53 % Tatar55221003.76 % Ukrainian43629002.97 % Chuvashian17736001.21 % Bashkirian13453000.92 % Belorussian12062000.82 % Mordvinian10729000.73 % Chechen8990000.61 % German8423000.57 % Udmurtian7148000.49 % Marian6437000.44 % Kazakh6359000.43 % Avarian5440000.37 % Jewish5368000.37 % Armenian5324000.36 % Buryatian4174000.28 % Ossetian4023000.27 % Kabardinian3861000.26 % Yakutian3802000.26 % Darginian3533000.24 % Komi3363000.23 % Azerbaijanian3359000.23 % Kumyk2772000.19 % Lezgin2573000.18 % Ingushetian2151000.15 % Tuvinian2062000.14 % Moldavian1727000.12 % Kalmykian1658000.11 % Gipsy1529000.10 % Karachayev1503000.10 % Komi-Permyak1473000.10 % The Russian Socialist Soviet Republic in 1989

4. Ukraine Thousand persons % of total population 20011989 Ukrainians37541.777.872.7 Russians8334.117.322.1 Byelorussians275.80.60.9 Moldavians258.60.50.6 Crimean Tatars248.20.50.0 Bulgarians204.60.40.5 Hungarians156.60.30.4 Romanians151.00.3 Poles144.10.30.4 Jews103.60.20.9 Armenians99.90.20.1 Greeks91.50.2 Tatars73.30.2 Gypsies47.60.1 Azerbaijanians45.20.10.0 Georgians34.20.10.0 German33.30.1 Gagauzes31.90.1 Other Nationalities177.10.4

5. Outline 1.Introduction 2.The Great Patriotic War and the second founding of the Soviet Union 3.The divided memory in Ukraine 4.Communist Poland: official memory vs. private memory 5.Conclusion

6. The Great Patriotic War and the Soviet memory policy Strengthened the legitimacy of the Soviet political system Second founding myth of the Soviet Union Part of personality cult of Stalin, replaced later by cult of Red Army and Communist Party Since Brezhnev: monumentalisation of memory Parades on Red Square: demonstration of strength and unity Ambivalence towards war veterans: glory, social privileges, but in 1980s and 1990s only glory left Giving meaning to war quite successful: acceptance of heroic fight against foreign aggression – justification for suffering, for many war veterans and also civilians: most important event of their life. Feeling of unity between regime and population.

7. The Great Patriotic War and the Soviet memory policy Excluded from official memory Experiences of Ostarbeiter [Eastern workers] and Soviet prisoners of war (at best held to be weak, at worst considered traitors), Collaboration and Anti-Soviet attitudes Defeats at the beginning of the war (retreat presented as result of superior strategy) Secret articles of the German-Soviet non-aggression treaty, August 1939 Katyn and the murder of Polish officers, deportation of Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, Latvians, Estonians, Lithuanians between 1939- 1941 Mass rapes 1944/45 in Germany Enormous number of dead Red Army soldiers Invalids: did not conform to image of strong Red Army Soldier, mutilated bodies do not fit in with the heroic image of Great Patriotic War, their experiences marginalised and ignored

8. Outline 1.Introduction 2.The Great Patriotic War and the second founding of the Soviet Union 3.The divided memory in Ukraine 4.Communist Poland: official memory vs. private memory 5.Conclusion

9. Ukraine – the divided memory Eastern Ukraine (= official memory for all Ukraine) Heroes: Red Army soldiers Close to Soviet interpretation Liberation and unification of Ukraine – culmination of Ukrainian history thanks to brotherhood with Soviet Union and Russian nation Ukrainian national partisans, collaborators with Germans, German agents, traitors to Ukrainian nation Western Ukraine (exile and private) Heroes: nationalist partisans Official interpretation contradicts own view Several years’ fighting against incorporation in Soviet Union Problem of collaboration with Germans, Wolhynian massacres and anti-Semitic attitude of integral nationalists Ukrainian partisans recognised as soldiers and fighters for liberty, heroes of Ukraine

10. Outline 1.Introduction 2.The Great Patriotic War and the second founding of the Soviet Union 3.The divided memory in Ukraine 4.Communist Poland: official memory vs. private memory 5.Conclusion

11. Poland and the Memory of WWII Communist Poland Liberation by Red Army, Brotherhood with Soviet Union People’s Republic of Poland culmination of Polish history Polish suffering and heroism: Communist resistance within the Polish tradition of fighting for liberty Armia Krajowa: at best marginalisation of its role, at worst accused of collaboration with the Germans Warsaw Uprising: act of irresponsible people or even criminals – anti-Soviet dimension Anti-German propaganda linked to pro-Russian and pro-Soviet propaganda Collaboration and Polish anti- Semitism denied Dominant in public space Opposition view (exiles, church, samizdat, private memory) Liberation by Red Army, but followed by oppression People’s Republic – dominated by Moscow Polish suffering and heroism: resistance of Armia Krajowa, no collaboration, in the tradition of uprisings Warsaw Uprising: mixed feelings, but mainly positive connotation – Polish heroism against overwhelming enemy anti-German attitudes accepted Collaboration and Polish anti- Semitism denied Often present in private space Official memory only reflects part of private memory and personal experiences

12. Conclusion Poland: official vs. private memory of the Second World War: reflects legitimacy and acceptance of People’s Republic of Poland – deep conflict in some key questions between private experiences and official memorial culture deepened conflict between regime and society. After 1989 change and modification of narrative Russia: quite successful official memorial culture, did reflect views and expectations of many Russians, integrationist and legitimizing function of political system, after 1990 no fundamental change but more plural, stabilises Russian government and state, but party no longer key part of memorial culture Ukraine: Soviet interpretation and ideology of “friendship of nations” quite successful in Eastern Ukraine, much less successful in Western Ukraine (similar to Poland), after 1990 different war experiences and memory divides Ukrainian nation. Result: bitter political struggle and fight for a national narrative which has unifying effect