1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chapter 27 Magnetic Field an Magnetic Forces Study magnetic forces Consider magnetic field and flux Explore motion in a magnetic field Calculate the magnetic force on a semiconductor Consider magnetic torque Apply magnetic principles and study the electric motor Study the Hall effect

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Magnetism Magnetic north and south poles’ behavior is not unlike electric charges. For magnets, like poles repel and opposite poles attract. A permanent magnet will attract a metal like iron with either the north or south pole.

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The magnetic poles about our planet Magnetic poles Magnetic poles reverse every 5000 to 50,000 yrs. Proof is from plate movement

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Magnetic poles vs. Electric poles? We observed monopoles in electricity. A (+) or (−) alone was stable and field lines could be drawn around it. Magnets cannot exist as monopoles. If you break a bar magnet between N and S poles, you get two smaller magnets, each with its own N and S pole.

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Electric current and magnets In 1820, Hans Oersted ran a series of experiments with conducting wires run near a sensitive compass. The result was dramatic. The orientation of the wire and the direction of the flow both moved the compass needle. There had to be something magnetic about current flow.

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The interaction of magnetic force and charge The moving charge interacts with the fixed magnet. The force between them is at a maximum when the velocity of the charge is perpendicular to the magnetic field. Force = F = |q| v B B = Magnetic Field = F/qv = 1N-s/C (1A = 1C/s ) The units of B are: Tesla’s T = 1N/A –m 1T = 10,000 gauss (G) The earth’s magnetic field B =~1G B is a vector and is defined as the direction the north pole of a compass needle will point.

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The “right-hand rule” I This is for a positive charge moving in a magnetic field. Place your hand out as if you were getting ready for a handshake. Your fingers represent the velocity vector of a moving charge. Move the fingers of your hand toward the magnetic field vector. Your thumb points in the direction of the force between the two vectors.

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Right-hand rule II Two charges of equal magnitude but opposite signs moving in the same direction in the same field will experience force in opposing directions.

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Direction of a magnetic field with your CRT A TV or a computer screen is a cathode ray tube, an electron gun with computer aiming control. Place it in a magnetic field going “up and down.” You point the screen toward the ceiling and nothing happens to the picture. The magnetic field is parallel to the electron beam. You set the screen in a normal viewing position and the image distorts. The magnetic force is opposite to the thumb in the RHR. Force for a Negative charge

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Magnetic field lines may be traced Magnetic field lines may be traced from N toward S in analogous fashion to the electric field lines.

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Magnetic Field Lines for common sources

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Magnetic flux through an area We define the magnetic flux through a surface just as we defined electric flux. Figure 27.15 illustrates the phenomenon. Follow Example 27.2, illustrated by Figure 27.16.

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Motion of charged particles in a magnetic field A charged particle will move in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. Figure 27.17 at right illustrates the forces and shows an experimental example. Figure 27.18 below shows the constant kinetic energy and helical path.

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 14 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field (Chapter 27, Sec 4) Because F is always perpendicular to v, v is constant. Therefore, the charge will travel in a circle with radius R.

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A magnetic bottle If we ever get seriously close to small-lab nuclear fusion, the magnetic bottle will likely be the only way to contain the unimaginable temperatures ~ a million K. Figure 27.19 diagrams the magnetic bottle and Figure 27.20 shows the real-world examples … northern lights and southern lights.

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley J.J. Thompson was able to characterize the electron Thompson’s experiment was an exceptionally clever combination of known electron acceleration and magnetic “steering.”

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Bainbridge’s mass spectrometer Using the same concept as Thompson, Bainbridge was able to construct a device that would only allow one mass in flight to reach the detector. The fields could be “ramped” through an experiment containing standards (most high vacuum work always has a peak at 18 amu). Follow Example 27.5. Follow Example 27.6.

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor The force is always perpendicular to the conductor and the field. Figures 27.25, 27.26, and 27.27 illustrate.

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Magnetic force on a straight then curved conductor Refer to Example 27.7, illustrated by Figure 27.29. Refer to Example 27.8, illustrated by Figure 27.30.

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Force and torque on a current loop This basis of electric motors is well diagrammed in Figure 27.31 below.

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 21 Force and Torque on a Current Loop (Chapter 27, Sec 7) Figure 27-29 (27-21) A = ab = area of coil For an N turn coil (27-28)

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 22 The Direct-Current Motor Figure 27-37

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The Hall Effect Considers the forces on charge carriers as they move through a conductor in a magnetic field. Follow Example 27.12.