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Russian Declension and Conjugation Chapter 6: Conjugation
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The basic structure of Russian words prefix + root + suffix ++ ending All parts preceding the ending are the stem Root shapes: –Most common is CVC, where final C is a hard consonant, a velar, or j (or rarely a palatal or c, which are secondary) –Other shapes: CC, VC, CVCVC (TORT)
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The shapes of prefixes Possible shapes are: C, CC, CVC, CV, V, VC, CVCV What part of the prefix is most important? –The last segment, since it interacts with the beginning of the root –We can group prefixes into those that end in V and those that end in C –In some instances we will treat those ending in C as – C/ (fill vowel) –Note that the z>s assimilation is spelled at the end of a prefix
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What about -ся? Where does –ся fit into the basic structure of the Russian word?
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What about -ся? Where does –ся fit into the basic structure of the Russian word? Well, actually it goes beyond the structure of one word: -ся is an enclitic and gets added AFTER the ending
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Why? Why do we use the term “non-past”?
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Why? Why do we use the term “non-past”? Because Russian has only two tenses: past and not. The non-past conjugation is interpreted as present or future (and a few other things) depending upon the aspect of the verb and the construction it is in.
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Finding the base form Basically, you want to look for the LONGEST stem, the one with the most information –Unsuffixed verbs and those suffixed in – aj+ and –ej+ use the non-past stem –Suffixed verbs use the infinitive stem
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Verb types and conjugations I ConjugationII Conjugation All unsuffixed verbs and most suffixed verbs I, E, h-A, OJ-A only
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Combinations of stem + ending V + CC + VYield addition V + VC + CYield truncation of first element
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V + V If the second V is u or o, the preceding C mutates, except: –ns-A, NU, (NU) –ža žd-a+, or-a +, sos-a +, ston-a + –OVA & OV-A, where ov > uj –Velar stems only before o (includes lg -a +) Consonant mutations are: –Dentals & velars > palatals, labials > labial + l’, others (n, l, r) just get soft
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Notes on stress Unless otherwise noted, all primary (nonsuffixed) verbs have fixed stress in non- past. Placement of fixed stress depends on stem type. (All are ending stress except N, J, and gn’ij+ is an exception). Symbols indicate past stress. Unless otherwise noted (n/s-A) all secondary (suffixed) verbs have fixed stress in the past. Symbols indicate non-past stress.
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Let’s go over these together… Let’s grind through all the verb types one after another…
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